FIAS Occasional Paper No. 7. Examines foreign direct investment in infrastructure in Central and Eastern Europe.

Nordic Green to Scale for countries zooms in on two regions: Kenya and Ethiopia in East Africa and the Baltic States, Poland and Ukraine in Europe. This report presents the emission reduction potential of 10 selected solutions for the African target countries. The study highlights the costs, savings and co-benefits of implementing the solutions as well as makes policy recommendations for capturing the potential. The technical analysis was conducted by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Africa Centre in close collaboration with African organisations and networks on key environmental and development issues. The project was carried out by the Finnish Innovation Fund Sitra, together with partners CICERO, CONCITO and Institute of Sustainability Studies at the University of Iceland. The project is part of the Nordic Council of Ministers' Prime Ministers’ Initiative Nordic Solutions.

Having just emerged from a prolonged civil war and faced with the urgent tasks of establishing political stability and reinvigorating an economy in tatters, the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991-1995) had to set a new direction for the economic reconstruction and social rehabilitation of the warn-torn and poverty-ridden country. During the Transitional Period a spate of new policies and strategies defining the development priorities, goals and implementation instruments of the new regime led by the EPRDF was introduced. This work is a synthesis of various sectoral policies and an attempt to trace the genesis of the policies, highlight the continuities, significant departures and other salient features. Each of the reviews in this digest briefly analyses the critical elements of the policies, identifies major gaps in the conceptualisation of the policy as well as the achievements registered and the challenges encountered in its implementation. The authors also try to identify the outstanding issues to be addressed by policymakers and suggest remedies. The policy reviews have been grouped into three parts and presented under social, economic and governance sectors.

The energy situation in developing countries is desperate.Because these countries are primarily dependent on fossil fuels--chiefly oil--for industrial growth, they have been hard hit by oil price increases. Further, in the rural areas, where most of the population lives, there are limited supplies of increasingly expensive diesel fuel or kerosene. Noncormzercial energy sources such as firewood, dung, and agriouZtural residues are generally used in rural areas, but under the pressure of growing populations the forests are disappearing. This is resulting in a critical shortage of firewood for cooking and heating, as well as in the destruction of the environment. In addition, when dung and agricultural residues are burned, valuable fertilizers are destroyed. Thus, the rural areas--the sources of food and fiber--face a particularly alarming situation.