This text explores nonbranching reactions, including in-depth information on the inhibitors of free radical polymerisation and the mechanisms of antioxidants on oxidationprocesses. Auto-initiated chain reactions are also explored, with detailed descriptions on the kinetics, mechanisms, and inhibition of the autoxidation of organic compounds, A special chapter deals with the synergism of antioxidant actions. The theory of chain-branching reactions is investigated, and a large amount of new experimental data concerning the use of chemical additives to regulate combustion processes is also presented, including the mode of chain thermal explosion.

This book describes how to perform and optimize the various types of Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) for postgraduate students, scholars and researchers in all branches of life science. PCR is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of specific DNA samples, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. This book also deals with molecular biology reagents preparation and general laboratory procedures, equipment use and safety precautions. The various forms of pathogenic agents drastically affect human society and bring human life notoriously. The correct and exact details of these creatures can be derived through the prompt diagnosis of pathogens as early as possible. The current form of diagnosis is molecular diagnostics, but optimization and standardization are most important for the exact quality of results. This book is written with the need to address the technical problems while optimizing the PCR reactions in mind. The same procedure is fully applicable whenever techniques are being handled in life science laboratories. The textbook encourages the persons who engage in microbiology, molecular biology and life science laboratory to accept and implement basic concepts in various types of PCRs and develop in-house techniques for day-to-day routine activities. This book also deals with the major junk areas while designing primer for various types of PCRs and deals with how to address and troubleshoot the issues that arise while doing various forms of PCRs. This book also deals with post-PCR activities and troubleshooting of gel electrophoresis

The present monograph appears after the death of Professor V. N. Kondratiev, one of those scientists who have greatly contributed to the foundation of contem porary gas kinetics. The most fundamental idea of chemical kinetics, put for ward at the beginning of the twentieth century and connected with names such as W. Nernst, M. Bodenstein, N. N. Semenov, and C. N. Hinshelwood, was that the complex chemical reactions are in fact a manifestation of a set of simpler elementary reactions involving but a small number of species. V. N. Kondratiev was one of the first to adopt this idea and to start investigations on the elementary chemical reactions proper. These investigations revealed explicitly that every elementary reaction in turn consisted of many elementary events usually referred to as elementary processes. It took some time to realize that an elementary reaction, represented in a very simple way by a macroscopic kinetic equation, can be described on a microscopic level by a generalized Boltzmann equation. Neverheless, up to the middle of the twentieth century, gas kinetics was mainly concerned with the interpretation of complex chemical reactions via a set of elementary reactions. But later on, the situation changed drastically. First, the conditions for reducing microscopic cquations to macroscopic ones were clearly set up. These are essentially based on the fact that the small perturbations of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution are caused by the reaction proper.

This book addresses primarily the engineer in industrial process development, the research chemist in academia and industry, and the graduate student intending to become a reaction engineer. In industry, competitive pressures put a premium on scale-up by large factors to cut development time. To be safe, such development should be based on "fundamental" kinetics that reflect the elementary steps of which the reaction consists. The book forges fundamental kinetics into a practical tool by presenting new, effective methods for elucidation of mechanisms and reduction of complexity without unacceptable sacrifice in accuracy: fewer equations (lesser computational load), fewer coefficients (fewer experiment to determine them). For network elucidation, new rules relating network configurations to observable kinetic behaviour allow incorrect networks to be ruled out by whole classes instead of one by one. For modelling, general equations and algorithms are given from which equations for specific networks can be recovered by simple substitutions. The procedures are illustrated with examples of industrial reactions including, among others, paraffin oxidation, ethoxylation, hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, shape-selective catalysis, ethane pyrolysis, styrene polymerization, and ethene oligomerization. Many of the rate equations have not been published before. The expanded edition of the 2001 title, Kinetics of Homogeneous Multistep Reactions includes new chapters on heterogeneous catalysis and periodic and chaotic re-actions; new sections on adsorption, statistical methods, and lumping; and other new detail. - Contains new chapters on heterogeneous catalysis, oscillations and chaos - Includes new sections on statistical methods, lumping adsorption and software and databases - Provides a better understanding of complex reaction mechanisms

Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Dynamics brings together the major facts and theories relating to the rates with which chemical reactions occur from both the macroscopic and microscopic point of view. This book helps the reader achieve a thorough understanding of the principles of chemical kinetics and includes: Detailed stereochemical discussions of reaction steps Classical theory based calculations of state-to-state rate constants A collection of matters on kinetics of various special reactions such as micellar catalysis, phase transfer catalysis, inhibition processes, oscillatory reactions, solid-state reactions, and polymerization reactions at a single source. The growth of the chemical industry greatly depends on the application of chemical kinetics, catalysts and catalytic processes. This volume is therefore an invaluable resource for all academics, industrial researchers and students interested in kinetics, molecular reaction dynamics, and the mechanisms of chemical reactions.

The Inhibition of Fat Oxidation Processes covers topics about the special problem of retarding the oxidation of animal fats as well as oxidation phenomena encountered in industrial production and storage of complex fat-containing food products. The monograph describes the kinetics and chemistry of fat oxidation processes and the associated model systems and theories; the catalysis of the processes of oxidative decay in fats; and theory of degenerate-branching chain reactions. The monograph also discusses the properties and inhibitive activity of antioxidants and synergists. A survey of antioxidants and synergists, which are permitted for use in various countries, is provided. Scientists and workers in the field of industrial food science will find the monograph invaluable.

Approx.424 pages

An essential resource for understanding how photography works and how to solve the many problems photographers face when learning this trade. It deals with the fundamental principles upon which the photographic process is based and presents the principles in a practical manner. The new edition of this classic text has been updated to include a new chapter on Digital Imaging. This important addition covers, in depth, everything photographers need to know in order to be completely up-to-date on the digital aspects of photography. This book is heavily illustrated with helpful photographs and line.