International Arbitration and the COVID-19 Revolution Edited by Maxi Scherer, Niuscha Bassiri & Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all major economic sectors and industries has triggered profound and systemic changes in international arbitration. Moreover, the fact that entire proceedings are now being conducted remotely constitutes so significant a deviation from the norm as to warrant the designation ‘revolution’. This timely book is the first to describe and analyse how the COVID-19 crisis has redefined arbitral practice, with critical appraisal from well-known practitioners of the pandemic’s effects on substantive and procedural aspects from the commencement of proceedings until the enforcement of the award. With practical guidance from a variety of perspectives – legal, practical, and sector-specific – on the conduct of international arbitration during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond, the chapters present leading practitioners’ insights into the unprecedented and multifaceted issues that arise. They provide expert tips and challenges in such practical matters as the following: preventing and resolving disputes of particular types – construction, energy, aviation, technology, media and telecommunication, finance and insurance; arbitrator appointments; issues of planning, preparation and sample procedural orders; witness preparation and cross-examination; e-signature of arbitral awards; setting aside and enforcement proceedings; and third-party funding. Also included are an empirical survey of users’ views and an overview of how the COVID-19 revolution has affected the arbitration rules of leading arbitral seats. With this timely and practical book, arbitration practitioners and scholars will gain up-to-date knowledge of sector-specific challenges brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and approach arbitration proceedings with an understanding of the most important legal and practical considerations during the crisis and beyond.

Digitalization is increasingly impacting the practice of international arbitration. Especially in the wake of COVID-19, technological solutions are adopted by counsel, tribunals, and arbitral institutions. This trend is likely to continue in the future, thus changing the way in which international arbitration is practiced. International arbitration and technology offers the first up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the interplay between technology and international arbitration, with a specific focus on the technological developments which are currently available and already practically relevant. The authors’ practical perspectives on the impact of technology on arbitration yield valuable insights for arbitrators, tribunal secretaries, international arbitration counsel, and arbitral institutions. As many aspects of their work are already impacted by technology, they will find much value within this book’s pages. Furthermore, the book is of interest for academics working in the fields of international dispute resolution, and law and technology.

In the spirit of Pieter Sanders’s classic Quo Vadis Arbitration? (1999), this far-reaching overview of the state of international arbitration thoroughly assesses the current condition and prospects of arbitration and conciliation with practical, insightful solutions to the new and emerging problems confronting arbitration practice today. A distinguished group of internationally renowned arbitrators, academics, and lawmakers elucidate the ubiquitous evolution towards increased technical complexity, the need for multi-focal and multi-cultural approaches, and the tension between desirable simplicity and indispensable precision that have come to characterize current arbitral practice and procedure. Among the topics covered are the following: remote hearings; reliance on digital technology; cost of arbitration in a post-COVID world; extension of the arbitration agreement to non-signatories; tailoring of ADR techniques to suit the needs of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises; jurisdictions emerging as new arbitration hubs, e.g., Delaware, the Caribbean, Scotland; evolution of a code of conduct for adjudicators in investment disputes; and the reform of bilateral investment treaties. As Sanders’s 1999 book did at the time, the chapters identify specific improvements and refinements to the entire system as it has developed over recent decades. The book will be a go-to resource for the arbitration community worldwide as a stocktaking of current and ongoing trends in international arbitration. It will enthuse the many lawyers, judges, legislators, and businesspeople to whom it is addressed.

The London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), the oldest of all major arbitral institutions, has, since its establishment well over a century ago, embodied the ideals that underlie the arbitral alternative and set its face against undue delay, soaring cost, complexity, and acrimony. Today, the LCIA administers cases arising under any system of law in any venue worldwide. Underscoring the institution’s international nature, and over 80% of parties in pending LCIA cases today are not of English nationality. This highly practical and user-friendly guide provides not only a thorough analysis of the 2020 LCIA Rules but also a comprehensive explanation of the basic principles governing LCIA arbitration, along with an in-depth analysis of complex issues that may arise in the course of LCIA proceedings. Among the new and revised rules affecting LCIA practice and procedure described in detail include the following: use of technology, accommodating virtual conferencing, remote hearings and electronically signed awards, as well as confirming the primacy of electronic communication with the LCIA; tools to expedite proceedings, including the possibility of early dismissal determinations; explicit consideration of data protection; issues relating to bribery, corruption, terrorist financing, fraud, tax evasion, money laundering and/or economic or trade sanctions; streamlined accommodations for consolidation, composite Requests and concurrent conduct of arbitrations; conduct of authorised representatives of a party; requirements for appointment and removal of tribunal secretaries; and revised schedules of arbitration and mediation costs. The twenty-six chapters of the book provide references to essential national court judgments, statutory provisions, up-to-date statistics, and bibliographical sources on LCIA arbitrations. The 2020 LCIA Rules reflect the most sophisticated current modifications of arbitral procedure, fully aligned with the needs of current global commercial activities. For this reason, and because many companies worldwide include LCIA arbitration clauses in their agreements, this book is invaluable to business executives and corporate counsel as well as to scholars of alternative dispute resolution.

The book explores the definition and nature of guerrilla tactics in international commercial arbitration. It analyses various such tactics deployed (pre-Covid and during Covid times) and portrays them in a way that enables one to visualise how, and possibly why, they might be deployed. Attempts to codify ethical standards and rules regulating the behaviour of legal representatives in international arbitration are examined. The book covers a range of culture clashes, addresses several elephants in the room, and looks at factors inherent in the arbitral process that create opportunities and increase temptations to misbehave. It considers the remedies and sanctions available in international arbitration and compares them to those available to the courts in civil litigation. In addition to recommendations for future research, the book offers solutions to curb the problem in line with party autonomy and with a critical analysis. “This manuscript is an essential solutions-based text that not only addresses a comprehensive range of modern-day guerrilla tactics in international commercial arbitration but also offers thoughtful methods to deal with the shenanigans that parties may bring to the arbitral process.” - Chiann Bao, Independent Arbitrator, Arbitration Chambers and Vice President of the International Chamber of Commerce, Court of Arbitration “Dr. Ahuja’s book is a thoughtful and highly practical contribution to the study of procedures in international commercial arbitration. It is replete with scholarly analysis, careful treatment of authority, pragmatic insights and policy discussions. Any practitioner or student of international arbitration would benefit from this volume.” - Gary Born, Author, International Commercial Arbitration (3d ed. 2021) “A highly readable and informative book which identifies and analyses the numerous guerrilla tactics parties may attempt to deploy in international commercial arbitration, the factors which may encourage such behaviour, and practical mechanisms to keep the proceedings on track. Both erudite and practical, this book is a must-read for parties, counsel and arbitrators alike.” - Prof. Benjamin Hughes, Independent Arbitrator, The Arbitration Chambers “Guerrilla tactics are a pertinent problem in arbitration. Dr. Ahuja’s well written book not only describes the various tactics in a succinct way but provides extremely useful guidance on how to tackle them. It will be a primary source of reference for every practitioner faced with such tactics.” - Prof. Dr. Stefan Kröll, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the German Arbitration Institute (DIS) “Taming the Guerrilla in International Commercial Arbitration offers a refreshingly candid and balanced discussion of ‘sharp practices’ in international arbitration. The book collects a wealth of information on guerrilla tactics previously only available in separate survey reports, articles, and guidelines on the topic. It additionally includes a chapter addressing tactics deployed in virtual or remote arbitrations due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The comprehensive research and analysis presented in this book make it a valuable resource to counsel, parties, arbitrators, academics, and those who deliver practical arbitration training. A must-read for those who want to better understand the practices that may lead some to disfavor arbitration and ways the arbitration community can respond to guerrilla tactics to improve the arbitration process for all participants.” - Dana MacGrath, Independent Arbitrator, MacGrath Arbitration “From an unreasoned fiat of a wise man who left both sides equally unhappy but resolved the disputes effectively, arbitration has evolved into a full-scale trial before a party chosen tribunal. Its informality and expedition puts in peril the fundamental right of the recalcitrant to delay proceedings. Dr. Ahuja has assiduously articulated the measures, aptly christened Guerrilla Tactics, used to disrupt and derail arbitrations. An indispensable read for the practitioner and an insightful treatise for the policy maker.” - Harish Salve SA QC, Blackstone Chambers “This book shines a spotlight on arbitration’s dark arts - guerrilla tactics. Dr Ahuja illuminates this shadowy world with excellent (and much needed) scholarship that is practice-based and useful for all stakeholders in arbitration. His examination of the root causes of this problem, recommendations on how to control it, comparisons with litigation practice and suggestions for future research marvellously combine to make this a work that is required to be consulted by all serious counsel, arbitrators, institutions and academics in the field of arbitration.” - Romesh Weeramantry, Head, International Dispute Resolution, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore

The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. With little warning, COVID-19 quickly escalated into a generational crisis, creating sustained havoc seen perhaps only in past cases of war, attack, and natural disasters. In the bedlam of the early months, health, science, political, and economic communities were hit with sudden force, required to quickly shift and rearrange the normal order of work. In arbitration, leaders took imperfect information to make dramatic decisions. In process and procedure, arbitral institutions, arbitrators, legal counsel, and clients were swept into this turmoil. In some cases, bold initiatives, still in design and testing, were quickly put into service, upsetting norms and traditions and the very notions of traditional process. The Impact of COVID on International Disputes includes contributions from legal practitioners and academics, takes a fresh look at issues addressed in international arbitration during the COVID-19 pandemic, gathering best practices, additional perspective and predictions based on current practices that will help parties, legal counsel and arbitrators in the future.

Increasingly, international commercial arbitration has come to resemble the judicial process it was intended to replace, especially in terms of speed, costs and efficiency. Arbitration institutions worldwide have adopted rules or procedures to expedite the arbitral process to address these concerns. This book brings together thirty-one distinguished practitioners, academics and experts in the field from around the world to consider in nineteen chapters how these policies and procedures, including the 2021 UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules, operate and affect international commercial arbitration, investor-State arbitration and mediation. This book presents diverse and rich perspectives on the variety of methods adopted to provide an expeditious and cost-effective means for dispute resolution while recognizing the due process risks involved. Its comprehensive analysis of the case for expedited arbitration and the principles underpinning it covers such aspects as: expedited arbitration rules adopted by major arbitration institutions; expedited arbitration rules in the ‘ad hoc’ (non-institutional) context, including the UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules and UNCITRAL model clauses; expedited arbitration rules in various geographic regions, including China, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East, focusing on specific jurisdictions in each region; new ICSID rules on mediation of investor-State disputes; and expedited arbitration-mediation (Arb-Med) in the Far East, focusing on Macau. Arbitrators and parties to international agreements will gain a greater understanding of the issues, options, and consequences that may result from expedited arbitration. Practitioners will benefit from guidance in drafting arbitration clauses and in weighing the advantages and disadvantages of expedited arbitration procedures in various jurisdictions. The insights in this book will benefit international commercial arbitration as its stakeholders seek to return international commercial arbitration to its foundational underpinnings: a prompt, efficacious and cost-effective means of resolving commercial disputes.

Arbitration is facing revolutionary changes due to new technologies’ irruption into the entire arbitration proceeding. Wide-ranging technical-legal concepts such as e-discovery, e-hearing, cyber-security protocol, e-deliberations, algorithmic decision-making and digital signing have become part of life. Technology’s impact on arbitration is unlikely to decrease after the COVID crisis; on the contrary, how the arbitration community positions itself vis-à-vis technology will be a key factor in determining arbitration’s future. Faced with this challenging scenario, the book discusses a novel legal topic: arbitrators’ relationship with this increasingly ubiquitous, rapidly-changing technology. This innovative book applies journalism’s “5 W questions” to the underexplored issue of arbitrators’ digital competence. It reaches a workable definition of what digital competence in the current arbitration context is, also providing answers to the essential question of why arbitrators’ digital competence is relevant from legal and financial points of view. Attention then shifts to who, with reflections on arbitrators working in a highly technological context and clarification of their relationship with other legal and non-legal actors. The book equally offers an in-depth comparative study of the question of where arbitrators’ technological competence is regulated, with critical analysis of soft and hard law provisions that may impose a digital competence duty. Finally, the book specifies when arbitrators need to be digitally competent and develops legal proposals regarding key procedural stages (initial conference, hearings) and legal topics (cybersecurity, data protection). The first study to scrutinise the rapidly changing relationship between arbitrators and technology, the book aims to spark a crucial debate among practitioners and scholars. Academically rigorous and using the latest legal material, it emphasises arbitrators’ needs, rights and duties in our technological age, presenting them alongside carefully selected practical topics. The unprecedented and well-grounded proposals for arbitrators’ digital competence are intended to be a call to action for its broad target audience.

There is no question that in recent years, the case law, practice and legal environment in which international arbitration in England is practised have all evolved and adapted to a changing world and continue to do so. In this book, a diverse range of practitioners chart this development with detailed consideration of the challenges and opportunities for the future of international arbitration in England. The topics chosen often reflect and explore preoccupations of our times, including such aspects of arbitral practice as the following: challenges to arbitrators, with particular attention to the Supreme Court’s findings in Halliburton v. Chubb; virtual hearings; diversity in international arbitration; climate change arbitration; ‘green arbitration’ practices; developing jurisprudence regarding enjoining foreign states in English proceedings; recovery of in-house costs in English-seated international arbitrations; overlapping sanctions regimes and their application to arbitral disputes in England; and the role and future of third-party funding. The fact that the essays were all written during the COVID-19 pandemic is reflected in the procedural issues which form the focus of some chapters, reminding us that when it comes, change can come quickly. For this reason, the deeply informed insights in this volume, intended as they are to ensure the continued evolution and success of international arbitration in England, will prove of immeasurable value for any practitioner making submissions before an arbitral tribunal. Jurists, academics and students will gain invaluable perspectives on the future trajectory of the field.

Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration is an established treatise on the law and practice of international arbitration, the pre-eminent method for the peaceful resolution of disputes in international trade, investment, and commerce. This book serves as an introduction, following the chronology of an arbitration from the drafting of the arbitration agreement right through to the enforcement of the arbitral award. Written by an author team with extensive experience as counsel and abitrators, the book has been read and cited by international lawyers, arbitrators, and judges, and has become a key learning text for teachers, students, and potential arbitrators in colleges and universities across the world. The seventh edition has been significantly revised to incorporate the latest significant developments in the field, includling changes in investor state dispute resolution, leading court decisions on arbitration matters in a wider number of jurisdictions, changes in the 'soft law' of leading international arbitral institutions and of the International Bar Association, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of international arbitration. This shorter, paperback edition does not include the appendices.