In understanding human behavior, psychologists have long been interested in what motivates specific actions. Debates have pitted extrinsic motivators (e.g. rewards/punishment) against intrinsic motivation in attempting to determine what best motivates individuals. This book provides a summary view of what research has determined about both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, and clarifies what questions remain unanswered. Divided into three sections, section I revisits the debate about the effects of extrinsic incentives or constraints on intrinsic motivation and creativity, and identifies theoretical advances in motivational research. Section II focuses on the hidden costs and benefits of different types of achievement goals on motivation and performance. Section III discusses theory and research findings on how extrinsic and intrinsic motivators may work in everyday life and over time. This book is of interest to researchers in psychology, education, and business, as well as to a wider audience interested in promoting optimal motivation and performance. Coverage in this book includes: * Debates and controversies in motivational research * Developmental nature of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation over time * Influences of parents, educators, and employers in facilitating motivation * Effect of achievement goals on learning and performance * The role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in self-regulation Key Features * Brings together major figures in the fields of motivation, education, and social psychology * Provides a mix of theory, basic and applied research * Presents research conducted both in laboratories and educational settings * Comprehensive chapters provide excellent reviews of previous literature as well as outlines important new directions * Provides different perspectives on controversial debates in a balanced, constructive manner

Swimming in a Whisper is a collection of poems written over a four year period, from age fifteen to nineteen. Varying in style and rhythm, each poem is an experience in its own. Lyrical and imaginative, among other elements, the reader is taken on a journey through mysticism, the romanticism of love, and the optimistic reality dreams have to offer.

This book describes how to use effective motivation in the classroom in order to increase student learning and decrease classroom management problems for K-12 classrooms. This book bridges the gap between theory and practice with useful applications of motivation theory. It enables teachers to determine the type of motivation their students need and provides tools to respond to their needs. Highlights include specific strategies for motivating students (including hard-to-reach students), case studies and vignettes, suggested activities for another day, reflective chapter-end questions, and Web sites for additional resources. The seven chapters are: (1) "The Complex Nature of Motivation"; (2) "Motivating Students to Learn"; (3) "A Framework for Motivating Students"; (4)"Motivational Strategies Concerning Instruction"; (5) "Motivational Strategies Concerning Evaluation and Recognition"; (6) "Academic and Behavioral Expectations"; and (7) "Motivating Hard-to-Reach Students." (Contains 96 references.) (SM)

Over the past twenty years an increasing number of researchers from various universities have been investigating motivational issues underlying the self-regulation of behavior. Using either Self-Determination Theory or closely related theoretical perspectives, these researchers have performed laboratory experiments, as well as field studies in a variety of real-world settings. In April 1999 thirty of these researchers convened at the University of Rochester to present their work, share ideas, and discuss future research directions. This book is an outgrowth of that important and fascinating conference. It summarizes the research programs of these social, personality, clinical, developmental, and applied psychologists who have a shared belief in the importance of self-determination for understanding basic motivational processes and for solving pressing real-world problem. (Midwest).

This volume - the second in this series concerned with motivation and foreign language learning - includes papers presented at a colloquium on second language motivation at the American Association for Applied Linguistics as well as a number of specially commissioned surveys.

It is impossible to control another person’s motivation. But much of the instructor’s job involves stimulating learner motivation, and learning environments should ideally be designed toward this goal. Motivational Design for Learning and Performance introduces readers to the core concepts of motivation and motivational design and applies this knowledge to the design process in a systematic step-by-step format. The ARCS model—theoretically robust, rooted in best practices, and adaptable to a variety of practical uses—forms the basis of this problem-solving approach. Separate chapters cover each component of the model—attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction—and offer strategies for promoting each one in learners. From there, the motivational design process is explained in detail, supplemented by real-world examples and ready-to-use worksheets. The methods are applied to traditional and alternative settings, including gifted classes, elementary grades, self-directed learning, and corporate training. And the book is geared toward the non-specialist reader, making it accessible to those without a psychology or teaching background. With this guide, the reader learns how to: Identify motivation problems and goals Decide whether the environment or the learners need changing Generate attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction in learners Integrate motivational design and instructional design Select, develop, and evaluate motivational materials Plus a wealth of tables, worksheets, measures, and other valuable tools aid in the design process Comprehensive and enlightening, Motivational Design for Learning and Performance furnishes an eminently practical body of knowledge to researchers and professionals in performance technology and instructional design as well as educational psychologists, teachers and trainers.

This book is structured in three parts, firstly putting into context the wealth of research on what makes for effective teaching, then building on the foundation by looking at specific aspects of good classroom practice and finally looking at ways of reflecting on experience to improve classroom practice.

Instant Notes in Sport and Exercise Psychology provides concise coverage of sport and exercise psychology at the undergraduate level, and also covers the crucial basic psychology that underpins the subject. It has four main themes: theoretical approaches and research methods sport psychology at both the individual and group level of analysis exercise psychology practical applications including performance enhancement and ethics. Suitable for students in sport and exercise science, sport psychology, sport studies and sports management, it will be useful for coaches and athletes who wish to gain an up-to-date understanding of the key concepts, theories and research in this area.

This third edition presents a thorough review of the literature and terminilogy in key topic areas. The clear explanation of potential research directions and the list of contributors make this a must-have book for students of sport psychology.

Interest in the functioning of the human mind can certainly be traced to Plato and Aristotle who often dealt with issues of perceptions and motivations. While the Greeks may have contemplated the human condition, the modern study of the human mind can be traced back to Sigmund Freud (1900) and the psychoanalytic movement. He began the exploration of both conscious and unconscious factors that propelled humans to engage in a variety of behaviors. While Freud’s focus may have been on repressed sexuality our focus in this volume lies elsewhere. We are concerned herein with the expression of the cognitions, motivations, passions, intentions, perceptions, and emotions associated with entrepreneurial behaviors. We are attempting in this volume to expand on the work of why entrepreneurs think d- ferently from other people (Baron, 1998, 2004). During the decade of the 1990s the eld of entrepreneurship research seemingly abandoned the study of the entrepreneur. This was the result of earlier research not being able to demonstrate some unique entrepreneurial personality, trait, or char- teristic (Brockhaus and Horwitz, 1986). It was both a naïve and simplistic search for the “holy grail” of what made entrepreneurs the way they are. However, many of the researchers in this volume have never gave up the belief that a better und- standing of the mind of the entrepreneur would give us a better understanding of the processes that lead to the creation of new ventures.