This book addresses the divergent reform agendas that have shaped American juvenile justice systems during the last two decades. Testing and extending the theory of social reform developed by Ohlin, et al. in their study of Massachusetts' juvenile justice reform, McGarrell investigates the process of change in New York State's juvenile corrections system because this state was a forerunner of both liberal and conservative national reform trends. He asks: "What juvenile justice policies have changed? Who has changed them, and why? What has been the effect on juvenile corrections, and ultimately, on youth?" Juvenile Correctional Reform suggests that many factors—as broad as cultural shifts in prevailing political ideology, and as narrow as the individual initiative of an agency head—have shaped policy and procedure at specific times. It also provides an important case study of an organization in relation to its environment during a period of unprecedented and often contradictory demands for change in juvenile corrections.

In shifting responsibility to the counties for hundreds of California¿s youth offenders, the state recognized that its juvenile justice system cannot be reformed without radical change. Though prompted by cost concerns, the realignment of responsibilities to the counties was the right policy move. Many counties have demonstrated that they can provide programs and treatment to youth offenders who need to turn their lives around in settings that allow them to reintegrate more successfully into their communities. Contents of this report: Juvenile Justice in California; Realignment Leadership and Oversight; Juvenile Offenders Remaining at the State Level; Conclusion; The Study Process; Appendices. Sidebars and Charts.

Taking in a century of change, this work focuses on how the Supreme Court brought the juvenile court system under constitutional control. It describes the case of Gerald Gault, an Arizona teenager who was sent to reform school for making an obscene phone call.