A central part of this study concerns language policy. An ideal language policy is a policy that caters for the needs of society. In teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL), a good language policy considers the situation and condition of the classrooms, the needs of the learners, and the promised advantages after the learning process is complete. A well-planned language policy is very important to direct the process of teaching and learning. In policy implementation, difficulties and problems may be encountered. Therefore, the policy needs to be evaluated to determine the next steps and to deal with any weaknesses. As regards the learning process, there is no direct influence of language policy on a student’s way of learning and the outcomes. Teachers are the most dominant person in class. Students just rely on the teacher who teaches them. They just follow what the teacher tells them to do. In Indonesia, the dominance of a teacher is very pronounced. It is a bit different in the country like Australia where the role of teachers is not as dominant as in Indonesia because students are also given the opportunity to initiate talk in classrooms. As far as language learning is concerned, the teacher and students should share classroom power. This will give more chance for students to practice the target language if they are given more chance to speak and express their thoughts.

This volume analyses the policymaking, expectations, implementation, progress, and outcomes of early language learning in various education policy contexts worldwide. The contributors to the volume are international researchers specialising in language policy and early language learning and their contributions aim to advance scholarship on early language learning policies and inform policymaking at the global level. The languages considered include learning English as a second language in primary schools in Japan, Mexico, Serbia, Argentina, and Tanzania; Spanish language education in the US and Australia; Arabic as a second language in Israel and Bangladesh; Chinese in South America and Oceania; and finally, early German teaching and learning in France and the UK.

This Handbook discusses the theoretical and disciplinary background to the study of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education worldwide. It highlights issues relating to EMI pedagogy, varying motivations for EMI education, and the delivery of EMI in diverse contexts across the world. The spread of English as a teaching medium and the lingua franca of the academic world has been the subject of various debates in recent years on the perceived hegemony of the English language and the ‘domain loss’ of non-English languages in academic communication. Encompassing a wide range of contributions to the field of EMI, the chapters of this Handbook are arranged in four distinct parts: Part I provides an overview of English-medium instruction in higher education worldwide; Part II focusses on EMI in Europe; Part III on EMI in the Middle East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa; and Part IV on EMI in the Asian region. The overall scope and level of expertise of this Handbook provides an unrivalled overview of this field of education. It serves as an essential reference for many courses dealing with applied linguistics, English language education, multilingualism, sociolinguistics, and related subjects at many levels of education, including Master’s and PhD-level studies. This Handbook serves as a valuable edition for university libraries across the world and an essential read for many faculty, undergraduate and postgraduate students, educators, and policymakers.

Situated on the cutting edge of theory and classroom practice, this volume highlights transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in language education and other disciplines and epistemological spaces. The authors provide insights from language education and its potential to connect with a broad range of disciplinary traditions that include medicine, literature, fine arts, mathematics, and more. This forward-looking text addresses contemporary themes of social justice, intercultural citizenship, and antiracism throughout. Chapters provide educational research examples that can be applied in innovative ways to extend beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. Language applications included are ESOL, Spanish, German, and Russian, with implications for both commonly and less commonly taught languages. Novice and experienced educators alike will benefit from the rigorous discussion of practice and contemporary theoretical issues. Book Features: Represents a range of research methods and practical approaches that integrate language acquisition with academic content. Shows best practices for conducting transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary research and how it can enrich language education as a whole.Addresses contemporary topics such as language policy, STEM education, integrative teaching, content area education, arts integration, and White supremacy culture. Offers creative and collaborative approaches for reaching beyond the ordinary conventions of TESOL and foreign/world language education. Contributors: Todd A. Bates, Meghan Odsliv Bratkovich, Melisa (Misha) Cahnmann-Taylor, Juntao Li, Terry A. Osborn, Aria Razfar, Timothy Reagan, Heather Schlaman, Eugenia Vomvoridi-Ivanovic, Manuela Wagner, and Jennifer Wooten.

Janet Enever explores the complex forces that shape national and local language education policymaking for the early introduction of English as a foreign language at primary and pre-primary levels worldwide. This is the first book of its kind demonstrating the extent to which English is now perceived as a prerequisite for participation in the global economy, reflecting the rapid development of early start English now exploding across Asia, Latin America, and other fast-growing economies. “This is a timely and important book. Professor Enever demonstrates comprehensive knowledge of primary English policy and practice in a range of countries and, from a sound theoretical framework, draws together evidence to show how policies are all too often guided by short-term political considerations rather than sound educational practice. Whilst critiquing inappropriate practice, she also analyses the conditions which have the potential to lead to quality – and equitable – English language programmes at the primary level.” David Hayes, Department of Applied Linguistics, Brock University, Canada

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is being encouraged as part of a major overhaul of the entire school languages curriculum in New Zealand. However, teachers often struggle with understanding what TBLT is, and how to make TBLT work in classrooms. Using the stories that emerged from a series of interviews with teachers (the curriculum implementers) and with advisors (the curriculum leaders), this book highlights the possibilities for TBLT innovation in schools. It also identifies the constraints, and proposes how these might be addressed. The result is a book that, whilst rooted in a particular local context, provides a valuable sourcebook of teacher stories that have relevance for a wide range of people working in a diverse range of contexts. This book will be of genuine interest to all those who wish to understand more about TBLT innovation, and the opportunities and challenges it brings.

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages was published a decade ago and has been influential ever since, not only in its European 'home' but throughout the world. This book traces the processes of the influence by inviting authors from universities and ministries in 11 countries to describe and explain what happened in their case. There are everyday factors of curriculum development – which sometimes include coincidence and happenstance – and there are also traditions of resistance or acceptance of external influences in policy-making. Such factors have always existed in bilateral borrowing from one country to another but the CEFR is a supra-national document accessible through globalised communication. The book is thus not only focused on matters of language education but is also a Comparative Education case-study of policy borrowing under new conditions.

This volume offers comprehensive 'state-of-the-art' overviews of educational policies concerning the teaching of English in a large number of Asian countries. Each contribution is written by a leading expert and gives a clear assessment of current policies and future trends. Starting with a description of the English education policies in the respective countries, the contributors then delve into the 'nuts and bolts' of the English education policies and how they play out in practice in the education system, in schools, in the curriculum, and in teaching. Topics covered include the balance between the acquisition of English and the national language, political, cultural, economic and technical factors that strengthen or weaken the learning of English.

This collection turns a critical lens on Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) research, making the case for a sociolinguistic-informed approach towards investigating social inequalities and making visible issues, processes and actors overlooked in CLIL research. The volume seeks to expand the borders of existing CLIL scholarship through situated ethnographic perspectives, highlighting the value of a critical sociolinguistic perspective in illuminating the relationship between the emergence of CLIL and specific socio-political and economic conditions in contemporary multilingual education. Drawing on examples from Europe, Latin America, Australia and Asia, the book focuses on exploring inequities in CLIL policy and implementation across different institutional contexts and demonstrates the ways in which CLIL extends beyond the classroom as situated in multiple and changing networks of interest, policy and practice. This book will be of particular interest to students and scholars in sociolinguistics, multilingual education, language policy and planning, and applied linguistics.