Between 1980 and 2005, 45 states were involved in lawsuits around equity of funding and adequacy of education provided to all students in the state. Indeed, this investigation could have included any cities in America, and the themes likely would have been the same: Lower funding and resources, disproportionate numbers of teachers and school leaders who do not look like the students they serve, debates over the public’s responsibility to provide fair and equitable education for all students in the jurisdiction, implicit biases from the top to the bottom and a resegregation of schools in America. Integration for Black families was never about an idea that Black students were better off if they could be around White students, it was about the idea that Black students would be better off if they could have access to the same education that White students had — but residential segregation still enables de facto school segregation, when it isn’t coded into policy. For the overwhelming majority of Black students, they’re stuck in segregated, underperforming schools. Schools where the teachers are dedicated to the mission, but where the cities and districts and states have failed to uphold their basic responsibility to maintain the upkeep of the schools and provide enough desks for each child and current textbooks.

Responsible elementary schools strive to ensure that all pupils know more today than they knew yesterday thereby better preparing the youngsters for tomorrow’s lessons. However essential that aim, achieving the goal faces serious challenges due to what confronts quality classroom teachers daily: “It’s not the budget crisis or standardized testing…It’s the enormous variation in the academic level of students coming into any given classroom…” Our current educational system’s rigid graded format, i.e., first grade, second grade, is unable to accommodate this extraordinary pupil diversity. By habit rather than wise thinking, schools assign 25-30 children to classrooms and a teacher’s curriculum on the basis of age with no consideration for skills, a flawed approach called “lumping.” Doing so, even superior teachers are forced by time constraints to ignore many youngsters’ educational strengths and weaknesses thereby increasing the likelihood those schoolkids will suffer discordant “curriculum mismatches.” The book provides teachers and principals an effective alternative to the antiquated “one-size-fits-all” approach that ignores both advanced and struggling pupils, leaving many school children without essential everyday skills. The promising option offers all youngsters—low achievers, high achievers, and those in between—the opportunity to advance through the curriculum as far and as fast as their acquired skills allow.

This volume explores key issues within the 21st century which can impact schooling issues for students within urban contexts. It investigates issues which help prepare both preservice and in-service teachers by focusing on both the theoretical underpinnings in the field and historical foundations. Some of the topics discussed here include issues related to the achievement gap, school and community partnerships, charter schools, teacher pay and compensation, culturally relevant pedagogy, teacher motivation, and racial classroom and school fatigue.

The primary aim of this text is to provide educators with specific strategies for engaging in equity and inclusion work on college campuses. We include the perspectives of faculty and staff with a range of experiences and expertise to address current topics evolving at various levels and functional areas in the academy. Rather than replicate findings and recommendations established in extant literature, we provide faculty, staff, and graduate students with the insight and tools they will require to transform established recommendations into actionable solutions and promising practices. This book offers theoretical and practical approaches to evolving diversity, equity, and inclusion concerns in higher education. The core themes of this volume center on diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in higher education. While some educators use these terms interchangeably, we define diversity as a concept that envelopes several modes of social identity, including race, ethnicity, gender, ability, sexual orientation, faith/non-faith affiliation, size, veteran’s status, etc. The practice of fortifying representation amongst minoritized populations without making considerations for structure and support has been the primary model for diversifying the academy for the past 40 years. Within the context of higher education and diversity, our conversation shifts beyond ensuring marginalized communities are represented. Within each chapter, the contributing authors address a wide range of diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging topics that are unique to their positionality as educators in the postsecondary sector. As editors, we intentionally identify authors with diverse professional backgrounds who offer a range in their approaches to addressing emergent trends in their respective areas in higher education. In addition to submitting manuscripts that engage critical examinations of diversity, equity, and inclusion in the postsecondary sector, authors were encouraged to design supplemental material for their chapters, such as training modules, study guides, case studies, guides for utilizing critical research approaches and design, and interactive activities that can be replicated in various settings on campus (e.g., the classroom, residence halls, student organization trainings, etc.).

The Montgomery bus boycott, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and Brown v. Board of Education reveal incentives to reform as a result of economic, political and legal threat. It is difficult to change a person’s heart, or to change based on moral conviction alone. However, policies and laws can be established that will change a person’s behavior. Historically, there was rarely a time where societal changes were the result of a desire to do what was morally right. Doing what is right was contingent upon economic advantages, political motivation or the threat of litigation. By the mid 1900s the NAACP had learned a valuable lesson in the South, that litigation or the threat of litigation was an effective tool in the quest for educational equality (Douglas, 1995). More recently, the #metoo movement and the Los Angeles teacher’s strike exposed corrupt behavior and insufficient working environments that have existed for decades. What is different? They have been exposed through political, economic and legal means. As it pertains to educating African Americans, there was an ongoing role of servitude in the political economy of the South (Anderson, 1988). This was subsequently disrupted through political, economic, and legal measures during Reconstruction. Racist ideologies and economic advantages were seen through Jim Crow Laws (Roback, 1984) that were again disrupted through political, economic, and legal methods. Education has also been cited as what perpetuates our democracy. It is institutions that afford its citizens the skills and knowledge necessary for political participation (Rury, 2002). Even when legal cases are unsuccessful, such as Puitt v. Commissioners of Gaston County or Plessy v. Ferguson, they can forge the way to successful litigation dismantling racist ideologies that oppress African Americans. Although the Puitt decision did not remove the processes of discrimination against Black schools, it left intact the legal basis on segregated and unequal education (Douglas, 1995). As citizens, it is imperative that we participate in the political process and use our authority to mandate the changes we would like to see in urban education. When theorizing this book, the intent was to provide an interdisciplinary look at solutions to critical issues in urban education through political, economic, and legal avenues. This book seeks to provide an interdisciplinary approach to solving the issues in education while connecting it to the effects on teacher preparation. Using historical and recent examples, scholars can piece together solutions that will guide others to political, economic, and legal action necessary to dismantle systems that have bound Black and Brown children. It is our intent to offer innovative, yet grounded solutions that can purposefully move the conversation about solutions to critical issues in education to political, economic, and legal actions.

The world is not an equal place. There are high- and low-income countries and high- and low-income households. For each group, there are differential educational opportunities, leading to differential educational outcomes and differential labor market opportunities. This pattern often reproduces the privileges and inequalities of groups in a society. This book explores this differentiation in education from a social justice lens. Comparing the United States and South Africa, this book analyzes each country’s developmental thinking on education, from human capital and human rights approaches, in both primary and higher education. The enclosed contributions draw from different disciplines including legal studies, sociology, psychology, computer science and public policy.

In 2014, The Urban Education Collaborative at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte hosted its first biennial International Conference on Urban Education (ICUE) in Montego Bay, Jamaica. In 2016, the second hosting of the conference took place in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Additionally, in 2018, the third hosting of the conference took place in Nassau, Bahamas. These solution-focused conferences brought together students, teachers, scholars, public sector and business professionals as well as others from around the world to present their research and best practices on various topics pertaining to urban education. With ICUE’s inspiration, this book is a response to the growing need to highlight the multifaceted aspects of urban education particularly focusing on common issues and solutions in urban environments (e.g., family and community engagement, student academic achievement, teacher preparation and professional development, targeted instructional and disciplinary interventions, opportunity gaps, culturally-relevant and sustaining practices, etc.). Additionally, with this book, we seek to better understand the challenges facing urban educators and students and to offer progressive initiatives toward resolutions. This unique compilation of work is organized under four major themes all targeted at critically addressing concerns that may inhibit the success of urban learners and providing solutions that have implications for curriculum design, development, and delivery; teacher preparation and teaching diverse populations; career readiness and employment; and even more nuanced issues related to foster care, undocumented students and mental health, sustainable consumption, childhood marriage, food deserts, and marine life and urban communities.

In today's educational landscape, a pressing issue looms: deeply entrenched within the system are the prevailing cultural norms that have historically perpetuated the dominance of white, middle-class values. This has, in turn, marginalized and stigmatized traditionally underrepresented student cultures as inherently deficient. As the United States educational system grapples with a dramatic increase in low-income, non-white, and linguistically diverse students, now is the time to confront these inequalities that undermine student achievement. This challenge has thrust teachers into the forefront, compelling them to embrace social justice practices in their classrooms as counternarratives. Supporting Activist Practices in Education emerges as a timely and essential solution to address this educational conundrum. Within the pages of this book, a compelling narrative unfolds—one that delves deep into the experiences of educators who actively employ teaching as a form of activism, transcending traditional norms. Teaching through activism, as defined in this volume, represents the courageous actions of educators who champion participatory citizenship for social justice within their classrooms, nurturing environments that foster critical thinking about the world. This book emphasizes the imperative of challenging and dismantling systemic injustices, and it underscores the pivotal role of social justice as a framework for effective pedagogical practices.

Multicultural education has become its own discipline, developed on the shoulders of the work of giants who argued its merit during the attacks of opponents who believed assimilation was the purpose of state sponsored education. In an age of rising populism and nationalism throughout the Western world, again questioned is the merit of multicultural education. In the shadows of Brexit and an America First agenda, where migration patterns across the world have led to demographic shifts, it is evident even in the richest countries in the world that gaps in opportunity (and subsequently achievement) still exist. Disparities in achievement lead some to question whether multicultural education works and others to revert to old notions that ethnically and linguistically marginalized students are in fact deficient. The scholars here believe in the untapped potential of all children and illuminate how educational structures have muffled the cultivation of that potential. Contributors argue the goals of multicultural education have not been achieved in part due to the piecemeal application of its tenants. The scholarship in this volume illustrates the state of multicultural education and articulates what educators committed to equity, inclusion, and a more just society must do to ensure the goals of multicultural education survive in the current age. The authors of these chapters bridge foundational knowledge with contemporary understandings; making the work both accessible for novices and beneficial for the authorities on multicultural education. With the diverse cast of contributors and topics ranging from mathematics instruction to discipline practices, this volume provides thoughtful discourse on issues of access: access to curricular content, access to opportunities to learn, as well as impediments to access. Containing chapters that speak to discipline specific pedagogical practices, the structures of schooling, teacher education, and research methodologies, the collected work encourages scholars and practitioners to not be discouraged in the age of retrenchment.

Community colleges serve as the open door to higher education for marginalized, place bound, and/or financially challenged students and communities. One of the key ways marginalization occurs in diverse geographies is through access limitations: access to affordable postsecondary education, access to curricula that lead to viable professions, access to diverse educational role models, and access to employment opportunities that can sustain communities. This underscores the importance of understanding “place” when addressing access and equity in higher education and the role of community colleges. The discussion of access and equity through the community college has implications for teacher education. Considering the documented importance of having a diverse teacher workforce in K-12 schools and the current mismatch between the diversity of students and the teachers in their schools, community colleges have a significant role to play. This book explores many topics related to the community college role in K-12 teacher education, including the community college mission, the policy landscape, partnerships, the transfer function, the community college baccalaureate, and others. Throughout the volume, the authors explore implications of access, equity, and geography and conclude with recommendations to guide future research and practice.