The essays in this book, written by researchers from both humanities and science, describe various theoretical and experimental approaches to adding medical ethics to a machine, what design features are necessary in order to achieve this, philosophical and practical questions concerning justice, rights, decision-making and responsibility in medical contexts, and accurately modeling essential physician-machine-patient relationships. In medical settings, machines are in close proximity with human beings: with patients who are in vulnerable states of health, who have disabilities of various kinds, with the very young or very old and with medical professionals. Machines in these contexts are undertaking important medical tasks that require emotional sensitivity, knowledge of medical codes, human dignity and privacy. As machine technology advances, ethical concerns become more urgent: should medical machines be programmed to follow a code of medical ethics? What theory or theories should constrain medical machine conduct? What design features are required? Should machines share responsibility with humans for the ethical consequences of medical actions? How ought clinical relationships involving machines to be modeled? Is a capacity for empathy and emotion detection necessary? What about consciousness? This collection is the first book that addresses these 21st-century concerns.

Healthcare is one of a few professions that set a code of decorum for its professionals. In yester years the relationship between the doctor and patient was paternalistic but todays scenario has changed. The advancement of medical science and technology has made it extremely important to maintain an accord between medicine and ethics to safe guard against malefaction in the field of medicine and research. The concept of Medical Law and Ethics basically looks into the inherent rights that patients have regarding the privacy of their medical records, doctor-patient confidentiality, the right to obtain emergency treatment and so on. This field essentially sees you juggling between two apparently diverse and widespread fields, where your playground is the various ethical considerations that have to be taken seriously while delving into medical science and the various procedures involved in the same. Medical education any where in the world is governed by various legislations applicable to different nations, regions, culuteres and religions. Medical teaching is incomplete with out creating awareness of these legal responsibilities to the budding doctors. Which is legally depends on the medical terms like bio ethis, eugenics, euthanasia, consensual activity, legal rights, freedom of information, consumer protection, lack of communication, confidentiality, hospital accreditation, truth telling, conflict of interest, referral, fee splitting, treatment of relatives, sexual relationships, substituted judgment, vender relationships, medical futility, legal parties, medical negligence, expert testimony, damages, medical record, privacy law, quality of life (QoL) and reproductive rights. Medical law concerns the responsibilities of medical professionals towards the patient and rights of the patient. The first recorded medical law was the code of Hammurabi, which said; "if a physician make a large incision with the operating knife, and kill him, his hands shall be cut off." When I was talking to a group of present day surgeons about this, the immediate comment was that there would be no body in the hall except the hall boys who would have hands! Thus the need for the medical laws arose due to errors and injustice done to the society purposely or inadvertently. Ignorance of knowledge is not a crime, but negligence is. So over the years, several laws had to be enunciated to protect the society against the harms from the medical profession. Medical ethics is the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to medicine, encompassing history, philosophy, theology, and sociology. The earliest evidence of professional oath is recorded in the 12th-century in the Byzantine manuscript. These may be traced to guidelines for physicians in the Hippocratic Oath, early Christian teachings, Formula Comitis Archiatrorum, Muslim medicine, Jewish thinkers, Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers Catholic moral theology. These intellectual traditions continue in Catholic, Islamic and Jewish medical ethics. The profession is tailored for medical professionals as well as legal officers as it essential involves a blend of both these practices and professions. Moreover, the practice of Medical Law and Ethics essentially goes beyond the aspects of just ensuring lack of negligence during medical procedures and prevention of personal injury to the patients. The practice of Medical Law and Ethics essentially goes beyond the boundaries of these aforementioned aspects of medical ethics and essentially looks into providing advice to medical practitioners as well as medical organizations, helping in the formulation as well as implementation of health policies and medical laws, and even extends into functions such as ensuring proper formulation and implementation of appropriate risk management procedures in order to curb the incidence of unethical processes.

This book explores the ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML) in healthcare. AI/ML usage in healthcare as well as our daily lives is not new. However, the direct, and oftentimes long-term effects of current technologies, in addition to the onset of future innovations, have caused much debate about the safety of AI/ML. On the one hand, AI/ML has the potential to provide effective and efficient care to patients, and this sways the argument in favor of continuing to use AI/ML; but on the other hand, the dangers (including unforeseen future consequences of the further development of the technology) leads to vehement disagreement with further AI/ML usage. Due to its potential for beneficial outcomes, the book opts to push for ethical AI/ML to be developed and examines various areas in healthcare, such as big data analytics and clinical decision-making, to uncover and discuss the importance of developing ethical governance for AI/ML in this setting.

This book questions the notions of person, personality, dignity, and other connected notions such as (informed) consent, and discusses new perspectives on categories that allow ethical debates in medicine to overcome morals and ordinary religious schemes. The book states that one has to be careful when thinking about situations in terms of notions and principles that have been obtained in similar situations. Though this book is mostly philosophical, it is also of great practical interest to healthcare givers. It warns caregivers not to rely too much on notions such as person, autonomy, and consent, which are supposedly firm but can be proven to be unreliable in spite of appearances. Furthermore, this work warns against a narrow anthropologisation of ethics which would make technophobian positions unavoidable. On the contrary, this book is open to robotics and offers – among other things - a sustained exploration of the notion of intimacy.

This book discusses ethical questions surrounding research and innovation in military and humanitarian contexts. It focuses on human enhancement in the military. Recently, the availability of medical enhancement designed to make soldiers more capable of surviving during conflict, as well as enabling them to defeat their enemies, has emerged. Innovation and medical research in military and humanitarian contexts may thus yield positive effects, but simultaneously leads to a number of highly problematic ethical issues. The work contains contributions on medical ethics that take into account the specific roles and obligations of military and humanitarian health care providers and the ethical problems they encounter. They cover different aspects of research and innovation such as vaccine development, medical enhancement, compassionate and experimental drug use, research and application of new technologies such as wearables, “Humanitarian innovation” to cope with scarce resources, Biometrics, big data, etc.The book is of interest and importance to researchers and policy makers involved with human enhancement, medical research, and innovation in military and humanitarian missions.

Technological tools and computational techniques have enhanced the healthcare industry. These advancements have led to significant progress and novel opportunities for biomedical engineering. Nature-Inspired Intelligent Techniques for Solving Biomedical Engineering Problems is a pivotal reference source for emerging scholarly research on trends and techniques in the utilization of nature-inspired approaches in biomedical engineering. Featuring extensive coverage on relevant areas such as artificial intelligence, clinical decision support systems, and swarm intelligence, this publication is an ideal resource for medical practitioners, professionals, students, engineers, and researchers interested in the latest developments in biomedical technologies.

Once the stuff of science fiction, recent progress in artificial intelligence, robotics, and machine learning means that these rapidly advancing technologies are finally coming into widespread use within everyday life. Such rapid development in these areas also brings with it a host of social, political and legal issues, as well as a rise in public concern and academic interest in the ethical challenges these new technologies pose. This volume is a collection of scholarly work from leading figures in the development of both robot ethics and machine ethics; it includes essays of historical significance which have become foundational for research in these two new areas of study, as well as important recent articles. The research articles selected focus on the control and governance of computational systems; the exploration of ethical and moral theories using software and robots as laboratories or simulations; inquiry into the necessary requirements for moral agency and the basis and boundaries of rights; and questions of how best to design systems that are both useful and morally sound. Collectively the articles ask what the practical ethical and legal issues, arising from the development of robots, will be over the next twenty years and how best to address these future considerations.

This book provides novel perspectives on ethical justifiability of assisted dying in the revised edition of New Directions in the Ethics of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. Going significantly beyond traditional debates about the value of human life, the ethical significance of individual autonomy, the compatibility of assisted dying with the ethical obligations of medical professionals, and questions surrounding intention and causation, this book promises to shift the terrain of the ethical debates about assisted dying. The novel themes discussed in the revised edition include the role of markets, disability, gender, artificial intelligence, medical futility, race, and transhumanism. Ideal for advanced courses in bioethics and healthcare ethics, the book illustrates how social and technological developments will shape debates about assisted dying in the years to come.

As the utilization of intelligent machines spreads to numerous realms, the discourse of machine ethics has also developed and expanded. Concerns over machine intelligence and the role of automata in everyday life must be addressed before artificial intelligence and robotic technologies may be fully integrated into human society. Rethinking Machine Ethics in the Age of Ubiquitous Technology blends forward-looking, constructive, and interdisciplinary visions of ethical ideals, aims, and applications of machine technology. This visionary reference work incorporates ethical conversations in the fields of technology, computer science, robotics, and the medical industry, creating a vibrant dialogue between philosophical ideals and the applied sciences. With its broad scope of relevant topics, this book serves as an excellent tool for policymakers, academicians, researchers, advanced-level students, technology developers, and government officials. This timely publication features thoroughly researched articles on the topics of artificial moral agency, cyber-warfare, transhumanism, organic neural nets, human worker replacement, automaticity and global governance, security and surveillance, military drones, and more.