VOWMES1 &2 Graham & Trotman, a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group is one of Europe's leading publishers of MAJC?R COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1990/91, Volume 1, business information, and publishes company reference contaln~ us~ful information on over 4000 of the top annuals on other parts of the world as follows: comp~nles In the European Economic Community, excluding the UK, nearly 1500 companies of which are MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE ARAB WORLD covered in Volume 2. Volume 3 covers near~y 1100 of the MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE FAR EAST & AUSTRALASIA top companies within Western Europe but outside the MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE U.S.A. European Economic Community. Altogether the three volumes of MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE now Please send for a free complete catalogue of the provide in authoritative detail, vital information on over company's books on business management techniques, 6600 of the largest companies in Western Europe. business law, finance, banking, export markets, oil technology, energy resources, pollution control and a MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1990/91, Volumes 1 number of other subject areas to: The Editor, Major & 2 contain many of the largest companies in the world. The Companies of Europe, Graham & Trotman Ltd, Sterling area coverecj by these volumes, the European Economic House, 66 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1DE.

VOLUMES 1 &2 Graham & Trotman, a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group is one of Europe's leading publishers MEDIUM COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1990/91, Volume 1, of business information, and publishes company contains useful information on over 3500 of the most reference annuals on other parts of the world as follows: important medium-sized companies in the European Economic Community, excluding the UK, nearly 1500 MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE ARAB WORLD companies of which are covered in Volume 2. Volume 3 MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE FAR EAST & covers nearly 2000 of the medium-sized companies AUSTRALASIA within Western Europe but outside the European MAJOR COMPANIES OF THE U.S.A. Economic Community. Altogether the three volumes of MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE MEDIUM COMPANIES OF EUROPE now provide in detail, vital information on over 7000 key authoritative Please send for a free complete catalogue of the companies in Western Europe. company's books on business management techniques, MEDIUM COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1990/91, Volumes business law, finance, banking, export markets, oil, 1 & 2 contain many of the most significant companies in technology, energy resources, pollution control and a number of other subject areas to: The Editor, Major Europe. The area covered by these volumes, the European Economic Community, represents a rich Companies of Europe, Graham & Trotman Ltd, Steling consumer market of over 320 million people. Over one House, 66 Wilton Road, London SW1V 1DE.

Volumes 1 & 2 Guide to the MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1993/94, Volume 1, arrangement of the book contains useful information on over 4000 of the top companies In the European Community, excluding the UK, over 1100 This book has been arranged in order to allow the reader to companies of which are covered in Volume 2. Volume 3 covers find any entry rapidly and accurately. over 1300 of the top companies within Western Europe but outside the European Community. Altogether the three Company entries are listed alphabetically within each country volumes of MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE now provide in section; in addition three indexes are provided in Volumes 1 authoritative detail, vital information on over 6500 of the largest and 3 on coloured paper at the back of the books, and two companies in Western Europe. indexes in the case of Volume 2. MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1993/94, Volumes 1 The alphabetical index to companies throughout the & 2 contain many of the largest companies in the world. The Continental EC lists all companies having entries in Volume 1 area covered by these volumes, the European Community, in alphabetical order irrespective of their main country of represents a rich consumer market of over 320 million people. operation. Over one third of the world's imports and exports are channelled through the EC. The Community represents the The alphabetical index in Volume 1 to companies within each world's largest integrated market.

Volumes 1& 2 Guide to the MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1992/93, Volume1, arrangementofthe book contains useful information on over 4000 of the top companies in the European Community, excluding the UK, over 1100 This book has been arranged in order to allow the reader to companies of which are covered in Volume 2. Volume 3covers find any entry rapidly and accurately. over 1300 of the top companies within Western Europe but outside the European Community. Altogether the three Company entries are listed alphabetically within each country volumes of MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE now provide in section; in addition three indexes are provided in Volumes 1 authoritative detail, vital information on over 6500 of the largest and 3 on coloured paper at the back of the book, and two companies in Western Europe. indexes in the case of Volume 2. MAJOR COMPANIES OF EUROPE 1992/93, Volumes 1 The alphabetical index to companies outside the Continental & 2 contain many of the largest companies in the world. The EC lists all companies having entries in Volume 3 in area covered by these volumes, the European Community, alphabetical order irrespective of their main country of represents a rich consumer market of over 320 million people. operation. Over one third of the world's imports and exports are channelled through the EC. The Community represents the The alphabetical index in Volume 3to companies within each world's largest integrated market.

measure of the rate of innovation --research-and-development (R&D) expenditure per employee compared to new patents received per employee -- does not adequately capture a unique feature of SMEs, namely that owners and managers are often themselves innovators. For example, in Japan 52 per cent of SMEs' innovations reported in 1986 were created by employers, whereas in large firms 72 per cent of innovations were created by research technicians. Nevertheless, patchy evidence from Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States indicates that SMEs at least hold their own in terms of innovation compared to large firms. Perhaps most significantly, a recent study indicates that, while the total number of innovations is positively related to R&D expenditures, skilled labour and the degree to which large firms comprise the industry, in innovative industries innovative activity tends to emanate more from SMEs than large firms. This is probably because in industries where large firms dominate, SMEs need to be innovative to survive. There is much information to suggest that in technologies such as micro-electronics, new materials and biotechnology SMEs tend to be in the vanguard of innovation. Small and medium-sized enterprises as exporters. The contribution of SMEs to a national economy from exporting is generally small; for example, in Japan SMEs accounted for only 13 per cent of merchandise exports in 1990.

Includes articles on international business opportunities.