As directed by section 1703 of Public Law 101-647.

Using fiscal year 2016 data, this publication provides sentencing data on offenses carrying drug mandatory minimums, the impact on the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) population, and differences observed when analyzing each of five main drug types. In addition to reporting general data regarding the use of mandatory minimum penalties, the Commission also analyzed the functions performed by drug offenders as part of their offenses. This function analysis provides a more complete profile of federal drug offenders and examines the use and impact of mandatory minimum penalties on offenders with differing levels of culpability. Discover more products on this topic: Recidivism Among Federal Drug Trafficking Offenders The Past Predicts The Future: Criminal History and Recidivism of Federal Offenders Federal Probation: A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice print subscription Law Enforcement & Criminal Justice resources collection

"The explosive rise in the U.S. incarceration rate in the second half of the twentieth century, and the racial transformation of the prison population from mostly white at mid-century to sixty-five percent black and Latino in the present day, is a trend that cannot easily be ignored. Many believe that this shift began with the "tough on crime" policies advocated by Republicans and southern Democrats beginning in the late 1960s, which sought longer prison sentences, more frequent use of the death penalty, and the explicit or implicit targeting of politically marginalized people. In The First Civil Right, Naomi Murakawa inverts the conventional wisdom by arguing that the expansion of the federal carceral state-a system that disproportionately imprisons blacks and Latinos-was, in fact, rooted in the civil-rights liberalism of the 1940s and early 1960s, not in the period after. Murakawa traces the development of the modern American prison system through several presidencies, both Republican and Democrat. Responding to calls to end the lawlessness and violence against blacks at the state and local levels, the Truman administration expanded the scope of what was previously a weak federal system. Later administrations from Johnson to Clinton expanded the federal presence even more. Ironically, these steps laid the groundwork for the creation of the vast penal archipelago that now exists in the United States. What began as a liberal initiative to curb the mob violence and police brutality that had deprived racial minorities of their first civil right - physical safety - eventually evolved into the federal correctional system that now deprives them, in unjustly large numbers, of another important right: freedom. The First Civil Right is a groundbreaking analysis of root of the conflicts that lie at the intersection of race and the legal system in America." -- Publisher's description.

Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy is a definitive sourcebook that is comprised of contributions from some of the most recognized experts in criminology and criminal justice policy. The book is essential reading for students taking upper level courses and seminars on crime, public policy and crime prevention, as well as for policy makers within the criminal justice sphere. There has been a growing recognition of the importance of evidence-based criminal justice policies from criminologists, policymakers, and practitioners. Yet, despite governmental and professional association efforts to promote the role of criminological research in criminal justice policy, political ideologies, fear, and the media heavily influence criminal justice policies and practices. Bridging the gap between research and policy, this book provides the best-available research evidence, identifies strategies for informing policy and offers direct policy recommendations for a number of pressing contemporary issues in criminal justice, including: Delinquency, intervention programs and community crime prevention, Problem-oriented policing and the science of hot-spot policing, Sentencing and drug courts, Community corrections, incarceration and rehabilitation, Mental illness, gender, aging and indigenous communities.

Relying on a multidisciplinary framework of inquiry and critical perspective, this edited volume addresses the unique experiences of Black males within various stages of contact in the criminal justice system. It provides a comprehensive overview of the administration of justice, mental and physical health issues faced by Black males, and reintegration into society after system involvement. Recent events—including but by no means limited to the shootings of unarmed Black men by police in Ferguson, Missouri; Baltimore; Minneapolis; and Chicago—have highlighted the disproportionate likelihood of young Black males to encounter the criminal justice system. Black Males and the Criminal Justice System provides a theoretical and empirical review of the need for an intersectional understanding of Black male experiences and outcomes within the criminal justice system. The intersectional approach, which posits that outcomes of societal experiences are determined by the way the interconnected identities of individuals are perceived and responded to by others, is key to recognizing the various forms of oppression that Black males experience, and the impact these experiences have on them and their families. This book is intended for students and scholars in criminology, criminal justice, sociology, race/ethnic studies, legal studies, psychology, and African American Studies, and will serve as a reference for researchers who wish to utilize a progressive theoretical approach to study social control, policing, and the criminal justice system.

Sentencing Law and Policy: Cases, Statutes, and Guidelines, Fifth Edition, provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of sentencing law, policy and practice. The new fifth edition of Sentencing Law & Policy: Cases Statutes and Guidelines gives students a comprehensive overview of modern sentencing practices in all major types of systems: determinate and indeterminate, discretionary, and structured, federal and state, capital and non-capital. Authored by leading scholars in the fields of sentencing and criminal procedure, this casebook surveys the legal doctrine and depicts major sentencing institutions at work, including legislatures, commissions, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, probation officers, parole boards, and others. The book motivates students to connect legal practices with current policy and equity debates that reshape criminal sentencing. The new edition includes extensive materials on emerging topics like the work of progressive prosecutors, the use of risk assessment tools, and the impacts of the COVID pandemic. New to the Fifth Edition: Thoroughly updated to address important statutory and case law changes, including important new legislation, such as the FIRST STEP Act, leading U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Court of Appeals, state appellate court decisions, and prominent recent scholarship. Coverage of modern policy issues, including mass incarceration, prosecutorial and judicial discretion, punishment for drug crimes, revised federal and state sentencing guidelines, and concerns about racial and other disparities in sentencing. Additions give focused attention to new topics of particular interest to sentencing advocates and practitioners such as the policies of progressive prosecutors, the development and use of risk assessment tools at sentencing, and the impacts of the COVID pandemic on sentencing and corrections. A new final chapter considers sentencing review doctrines and pays special attention to new laws and advocacy surrounding “second look” sentencing mechanisms. It also questions the role of executive clemency in the criminal system. Professors and students will benefit from: Intuitive organization that tracks the progression of every criminal case but is modular enough to allow professors to organize the material as they see fit. Comprehensive examples drawn from all common sentencing regimes, including guideline-determinate, indeterminate, and capital schemes. Notes, problems, and questions address current issues of concern, provide comprehensive policy discussion, and integrate with direct sources of information, including sentencing commission websites. Wide-ranging source materials, including: S. Supreme Court decisions State high court rulings, federal appellate court cases, and rulings from foreign jurisdictions Federal and state statutes and sentencing guidelines Reports and statistical data from various jurisdictions Up-to-date and robust coverage of cutting-edge topics ranging from the new federal FIRST STEP Act to the local progressive prosecutor movement, from the impact of the COVID pandemic to the emergence of new “second look” sentencing mechanisms. Discussions of race, gender, and class run throughout the entire book and challenge students to confront questions about warranted and unwarranted disparities. Teaching materials include: Online Teachers’ Manual Sample syllabi Classroom Exercises Online readings, drawn from prior editions, to cover topics that some teachers might want to explore in greater detail than the published text envisions