Most neurobiological research is performed on vertebrates, and it is only natural that most texts describing neuroanatomical methods refer almost exclusively to this Phylum. Nevertheless, in recent years insects have been studied intensively and are becoming even more popular in some areas of research. They have advantages over vertebrates with respect to studying genetics of neuronal development and with respect to studying many aspects of integration by uniquely identifiable nerve cells. Insect central nervous system is characterized by its compactness and the rather large number of nerve cells in a structure so small. But despite their size, parts of the insect eNS bear structural comparisons with parts of vertebrate eNS. This applies particularly to the organization of the thoracic ganglia (and spinal cord), to the insect and vertebrate visual sys tems and, possibly, to parts of the olfactory neuropils. The neurons that make up these areas in insects are often large enough to be impaled by microelectrodes and can be injected with dyes. Added to advantages of using a small eNS, into which the sensory periphery is precisely mapped, are the many aspects of insect behaviour whose components can be quan titized and which may find both structural and functional correlates within clearly defined regions of neuropil. Together, these various features make the insect eNS a rewarding object for study. This volume is the first of two that describe both classic and recent methods for neuroanatomical research on insect eNS.

Neuroanatomical Research Techniques discusses developments in major neuroanatomical research techniques. The book is organized into four parts. Part I deals generally with the preparation and study of brain tissue. It includes a chapter on the microscope, discussing optical magnification, limitations of microscopy, and optical contrasting methods. Other chapters summarize basic techniques for tissue preparation and sectioning; present guidelines for a number of standard, but essential, staining procedures; and present sophisticated and contemporary computer techniques that are proving to be invaluable as neuroanatomy evolves from a qualitative to a quantitative discipline. Part II deals with techniques often used for the study of normal tissue. These include the Golgi method, fluorescence histochemistry, techniques for staining single neurons, and the use of the electron microscope. Part III presents techniques for studying intrinsic connections of the nervous system. These include techniques for silver impregnation of degenerating fibers; autoradiographic technique for studying axonal projections; and somatopetal movement of horseradish peroxidase as a tool for studying connections and neuron morphology. Part IV discusses the interpretation of results from neuroanatomical research techniques and presents examples of the applications of neuroanatomical methods to major problems in physiological psychology.

"Anatomy is the mother of physiology" - this statement was used to characterize the evolution of physiology from anato my as an independent science in the late nineteenth century. It had particular truth for neurophysiology, which started as functional neuroanatomy based on the observation of changes in behaviour after lesions of the nervous system both in ex perimental animals and in human patients. Today, anatomy may again be considered the mother of physiology; however, the meaning of this statement is rather different from that 100 years ago: The modem mother provides a dwelling for an increasing number of children endowed with new functional capabilities. This book provides a good illustration of such se mantic metamorphosis in the case of neuroanatomy. After a long period of little progress in either macroscopic neuroanatomy or neurohistology, during which the heritage of Cajal, Golgi, and others was developed and refined to yield a functional concept of the nervous system, the past two de cades have seen tremendous progress in methods applicable to the analysis of the nervous system. The new era was heralded by the introduction of the electron microscope to investigate the nervous system. This book is an impressive witness to the more recent developments.

This book is the story of the marriage of a new techl}ology, computers, with an old problem, the study of neuroanatomical structures using the light microscope. It is aimed toward you, the neuroanatomist, who until now have used computers primarily for word processing but now wish to use them also to collect and analyze your laboratory data. Mter reading the book, you will be better equipped to use a computer system for data collection and analysis, to employ a programmer who might develop a system for you, or to evaluate the systems available in the marketplace. To start toward this goal, a glossary first presents commonly used terms in computer assisted neuroanatomy. This, on its own, will aid you as it merges the jargon of the two different fields. Then, Chapter 1 presents a historical review to describe the manual tasks involved in presenting and measuring anatomic structures. This review lays a base line of the tasks that were done before computers and the amount of skill and time needed to perform the tasks. In Chapters 2 and 3, you will find basic information about laboratory computers and programs to the depth required for you to use the machines easily and talk with some fluency to computer engineers, programmers, and salesmen. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 present the use of computers to reconstruct anatomic structures, i.e., to enter them into a computer memory, where they are later displayed and analyzed.

An introduction to the basic structures of the central nervous system, the techniques used in neuroscience and a short discussion of the affect of drugs on the brain.

Focusing on the problems that brains help organisms solve, Neurobiology: A Functional Approach asks not only how the nervous system works but also why it works as it does. This text introduces readers to neurobiology through an evolutionary, organismal, and experimental perspective. With a strong emphasis on neural circuits and systems, it bridges the gap between the cellular and molecular end and the cognitive end of the neuroscience spectrum, allowing students to grasp the full breadth of the subject. Neurobiology covers not only what neuroscientists have learned about the brain in terms of facts and ideas, but also how they have learned it through key experiments.

Investigation of the functional architecture of the human brain using modern noninvasive imaging techniques is a rapidly expanding area of research. A proper knowledge of methodology is needed to appreciate the burgeoning literature in the field. This timely publication provides an excellent catalogue of the main techniques. The authors offer an invaluable analysis of mapping strategies and techniques, providing everything from the foundations to the major pitfalls and practical applications of the modern techniques used in neuroimaging. Contains over 1000 full color pages with more than 200 color figures. Spanning the methodological gamut from the molecular level to the whole brain while discussing anatomy, physiology, and pathology, as well as their integration, Brain Mapping: The Methods, Second Edition, brings the reader a comprehensive, well-illustrated and entirely readable description of the methods for brain mapping. Drs. Toga and Mazziotta provide everything from the foundations to the major pitfalls and practical applications of the technique by assembling an impressive group of experts, all widely known in their field, who contribute an outstanding set of chapters.

Neuroanatomists increasingly rely on techniques enabling them to manipulate genes in defined brain cell populations. In particular, engineered transgenes, which encode a variety of fluorescent reporter proteins can be inserted into the genome or delivered into desired brain regions using viral vectors, thereby allowing the labeling of molecularly-defined populations of neurons and/or glial cells. Transgenic technology can also be used to selectively delete genes in targeted neuronal populations or bi-directionally modulate their electrical excitability using optogenetic or chemogenetic techniques. One of the primary advantages of using transgenic reagents is to simplify the identification and tracing of targeted population of brain cells, which can be laborious using traditional techniques in neuroanatomy. In this research topic, we assembled up-to-date reviews and original articles that demonstrate the versatility and power of transgenic tools in advancing our knowledge of the nervous system, with a special emphasis on the application of transgenic technology to neuroanatomical questions.

This unique book is written with the novice in mind, providing an introduction to all aspects of working with cockroaches. The focus of this writing is on the neuroendocrine system of cockroaches, which was collected by entomologists, primarily with the aim of improving methods of insect pest control. It includes some chapters devoted exclusively to techniques with detailed instructions. This comprehensive work also covers details of anatomy along with illustrations and experimental results. This is one of the few books available which provides such a broad coverage of areas of neurobiology of one organism. This handbook is a must for all researchers in the biomedical/veterinary field. Entomologists will find this reading exciting as well.

(temporary: from the Introduction) As a result, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation decided to support a three-year multidisciplinary initiative, The Law and Neuroscience Project, that created teams (termed "research networks") of lawyers, neuroscientists and philosophers to explore the appropriate conceptual relation of neuroscience and law and to engage in empirical investigations that would demonstrate the specific relevance of neuroscience to law. Although there was a substantial range of opinion among Project participants about the potential relevance of neuroscience to criminal law, it became apparent that a basic primer or handbook that set forth a statement of the relation as the authors understand it at present would be enormously helpful to practicing lawyers, judges, and legal policy makers as they increasingly were confronted with claims based on neuroscience information. The goal is to provide accurate information and to clarify the basic questions that will inevitable arise so that the criminal law can avoid confusion and mistakes based on inadequate understanding.