This year, Orbis Scientiae 1976, dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States of America, was devoted entirely to recent developments in high energy physics. These proceedings contain nearly all of the papers presented at Orbis, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, during January 19-22, 1976. The organization of Orbis this year was due mainly to the moderators of the sessions, principally Sydney Meshkov, Murray Gell-Mann, Yoichiro Nambu, Glennys Farrar, Fred Zachariasen and Behram Kursunoglu, who was also chairman of the conference. The coherence of the various sessions is due to their efforts, and special thanks are due to Sydney Meshkov who was responsible for coor dinating many of the efforts of the moderators and for including essentially all of the frontier developments in high energy physics. Because of the number of papers and their integrated length, it has been necessary to divide these proceedings into two volumes. An effort has been made to divide the material in the two volumes into fundamental questions (including the appearance of magnetic charge in particle physics) and recent high energy results and attendant ppenomenology. These volumes were prepared by Mrs. Helga Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady and Ms. Yvonne Leber, and their dedication and skill are gratefully acknowledged. Their efforts v PREFACE during Orbis were supplemented by those of Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, with our appreciation. The photo graphs were taken by Ms. Shirley Busch.

This year, Orbis Scientiae 1976, dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States of America, was devoted entirely to recent developments in high energy These proceedings contain nearly all of the physics. papers presented at Orbis, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, during January 19-22, 1976. The organization of Orbis this year was due mainly to the moderators of the sessions, principally Sydney Meshkov, Murray Gell-Mann, Yoichiro Nambu, Glennys Farrar, Fred Zachariasen and Behram Kursunoglu, who was also chairman of the conference. The coherence of the various sessions is due to their efforts, and special thanks are due to Sydney Meshkov who was responsible for coor dinating many.of the efforts of the moderators and for including essentially all of the frontier developments in high energy physics. Because of the number of papers and their integrated length, it has been necessary to divide these proceedings into two volumes. An effort has been made to divide the material in the two volumes into fundamental questions (including the appearance of magnetic charge in particle physics) and recent high energy results and attendant phenomenology. These volumes were prepared by Mrs. Helga Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady and Ms. Yvonne Leber, and their dedication and skill are gratefully acknowledged. Their efforts v PREFACE during Orbis were supplemented by those of Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, with our appreciation. The ~hoto graphs were taken by Ms. Shirley Busch.

These proceedings contain the papers presented during the 14th annual High Energy Physics meeting convened under the aegis of Orbis Scientiae 1977. The title "Deeper Pathways in High Energy Physics" was adopted to indicate either further penetration into the nature of the structure of the elementary particle or the deepening of the continuously trodden path that gets gradually deeper and deeper, evolving into a trench. In the latter instance, the visibility of the real nature of elementary particles may be getting dimmer and dimmer. It is hoped that some of the papers in these proceedings do, indeed, contain further revelations on the "deeper" nature of elementary particles. We must not be overly charmed with "charm" even if it may fit the data of the current generation of e+ and e experiments. It would be much less than prophetic to say that a complete and totally satisfactory theory com~ising the entire physical reality is yet to be discovered, and there is presumably no paper of that kind in these proceedings. Despite this short coming, the editors do not wish to hide their admiration for the caliber of the papers contributed by the participants of Orbis Scientiae 1977. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady, and Ms. Yvonne L. Leber for their skillful typing of the proceedings, which they have performed with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1977 received some support from the Energy Research and Development Administration.

The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1978. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings for her assistance with the conference and for her skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Also, appreciation is extended to Dr. Osman Kadiro~u for his assistance with the proceedings this year. Orbis Scientiae 1978 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS New Approach to Cosmological Theory •. ••. •. . . . . . •. . . •. ••••••. . • 1 P. A. M. Dirac 2 Spin Forces in Large-p p-p Elastic Scattering . •. •. •. . . ••. •. •. 17 A. D. Krisch L Advances in the Study of Spin Effects in Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering at Small and Intermediate Momentum Transfers . •. • 57 Homer A. Neal What Can One Learn from Very Accurate Measurements of the Lepton Magnetic Moments? •. . . . . •. •. . . . •. . •. •. ••. . . •. 127 Toichiro Kinoshita Lepton Spin Motion in Weak Magnetic Mirror Traps •. . •. . . . . . . . •. 145 G. W. Ford Electron Magnetic Moment from Geonium Spectra . •. •. ••. •••. •. . •. 159 Robert S. Van Dyck, Jr. , Paul B. Schwinberg, and Hans Dehmelt Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment - The Last Word . •••. •. ••••. •. . . 183 Robert W. Williams Proposed Measurements of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron and Positron . •. . . •. •••. . . . •. . . . •. . . .

This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the High Energy Physics portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P. A. M. Dirac. Before the vol,ume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedication of this volume, and its companion, on Information Processing in Biology, to his everlasting memory. Since 1969, Professor Dirac had given the opening address at each of these conferences. He was unable to prepare a manuscript of his last paper in 1983. His impact on science already has been enormous. The consequences of his thought and work for future developments are incalculable. Regrettably, Professor Dirac's last appearance at this series of conferences, begun in 1964 as the Coral Gables Conference on Symmetry Principles at High Energy, coincided with the twentieth, and the last of these. The work and expense involved in organizing them and preparing the proceedings have corne to far exceed the physical capabilities and the support received by the Center for Theoretical Studies for this program. The delayed appearance of these proceedings, for which the editors humbly apologize, is a manifestation of the inadequate support. On the other hand, the organizers and editors thank the many distinguished participants who, over the years, made these meetings exciting and productive arenas for the dissemination of ideas in high energy physics and related fields.

The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1979. Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1979 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS Evidence for Quarks from Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering...... 1 F. Sciulli Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . Karl Berkelman Physics After T and T 79 A. Pais Protons Are Not Forever................................... 91 D. V. Nanopoulos Gauge Hierarchies in Unified Theories..................... 115 Itzhak Bars Anomalies, Unitarity and Renormalizatior................... 133 Paul H. Frampton Charm Particle Production by Neutrinos.................... 139 N.P. Samios 34 Techniques to Search for Proton Instability to 10 Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 . . . . . . . . . . . .

This year, Orbis Scientiae 1976, dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States of America, was devoted entirely to recent developments in high energy These proceedings contain nearly all of the physics. papers presented at Orbis, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, during January 19-22, 1976. The organization of Orbis this year was due mainly to the moderators of the sessions, principally Sydney Meshkov, Murray Gell-Mann, Yoichiro Nambu, Glennys Farrar, Fred Zachariasen and Behram Kursunoglu, who was also chairman of the conference. The coherence of the various sessions is due to their efforts, and special thanks are due to Sydney Meshkov who was responsible for coor dinating many.of the efforts of the moderators and for including essentially all of the frontier developments in high energy physics. Because of the number of papers and their integrated length, it has been necessary to divide these proceedings into two volumes. An effort has been made to divide the material in the two volumes into fundamental questions (including the appearance of magnetic charge in particle physics) and recent high energy results and attendant phenomenology. These volumes were prepared by Mrs. Helga Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady and Ms. Yvonne Leber, and their dedication and skill are gratefully acknowledged. Their efforts v PREFACE during Orbis were supplemented by those of Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, with our appreciation. The ~hoto graphs were taken by Ms. Shirley Busch.

This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the Information Processing in Biology portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P.A.M. Dirac. Before the volume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedica tion of this volume, and its companion, on High Energy Physics, to his everlasting memory. The last Orbis Scientiae (as it was often in the past) was shared by two frontier fields - in this case by High Energy Physics and Information Processing in Biology, demonstrating the universality of scientific principles and goals. The interaction amongst scientists of diverse interests can only enhance the fruitfulness of their efforts. The editors take pride in the modest contribution of Orbis Scientiae towards this goal. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the typing of these proceedings by Regelio Rodriguez and Helga Billings, and the customary excellent supervision by the latter. The efficient preparation and organiza tion of the conference was due largely to the skill and dedication of Linda Scott. As in the past, Orbis Scientiae 1983 received nominal support from the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.