The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive. Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs, while pharmacogenomics is the broader application of genomic technologies to new drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs. Pharmacogenetics considers one or at most a few genes of interest, while pharmacogenomics considers the entire genome. Much of current clinical interest is at the level of pharmacogenetics, involving variation in genes involved in drug metabolism with a particular emphasis on improving drug safety. This new book presents leading-edge research in this dynamic field.

If present trends in fertility and life expectancy continue, between one quarter and one third of the population in OECD countries will be over 65 years by 2025. The ageing population will have profound social and economic implications. Not ...

Recent Advancement and Research in Biological Sciences is more inclined towards interdisciplinary studies. Recent developments in the technologies have led to a better understanding of living systems and this has removed the demarcations between various disciplines of life sciences. A new trend in life science incorporates biological research involving a merger of diverse disciplines such as (Zoology: Entomology & Fisheries, comparative anatomy of vertebrates and toxicology), Botany etc. The book encompasses topics on Biology of stored grains insect-pests and control, Cadmium toxicity in liver and pancreas of albino mice, COVID-19, Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosasinensis, Larvicidal fishes and public health, comparative anatomy: Urinogenital system of vertebrates, role of citrus flavonoids in the management of diabetes, environmental diseases with special reference to carcinogenesis and radiation injuries, symptoms and diseases of food fishes, biosphere, protective role of Zingiber officinalis on arsenic induced genotoxicity in albino mice, preventive effect of Curcuma longa against cadmium and different techniques used for chromosomal analysis of spiders, Carica papaya - A Comprehensive Review, Cardiovascular disease comorbidity, Phytase, effect of plant derived extracts on the Oviposition of Aedes aegypti, PHB production by Halophilic Archaea, Pharmacogenomics, Insect - pests Management or Integrated Insect-pests Management, Antimicrobial activity of Marine Red Algae, Protective Effect of Montelukast, Polyherbal formulations for Hepatoprotection, Therapeutical uses of Syzygium cumini distributed throughout Twenty four chapters for the benefits of graduate and postgraduate students as well as young researchers and scientists. In addition, this book provide newer techniques and the use of modern tools in achieving the potential of ecology, toxicology, Entomology, Fisheries, comparative anatomy of vertebrates and COVID-19, this is all used to understand the challenges found in biological sciences.

The rapidly evolving field of Pharmacogenetics aims at identifying the genetic factors implicated in the inter-individual variation of drug response. These factors could enable patient sub-classification based on their treatment needs thus expediting drug development and promoting personalized, safer and more effective treatments. This book presents Pharmacogenetic examples from a broad spectrum of different drugs, for different diseases, which are representative of different stages of evaluation or application. It has been designed so as to serve both the unfamiliar reader through explanations of basic Pharmacogenetic concepts, the clinician with presentation of the latest developments and international guidelines, and the research scientist with examples of Pharmacogenetic applications, discussions on the limitations and an outlook on the new scientific trends in this field.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are areas of significant importance at the interface of molecular genetics and psychopharmacology, with implications for drug development and clinical practice. This 2002 book provides a conceptual framework for understanding and studying the pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drugs, reviews advances in the field, and describes the established findings. Coverage extends to antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilising, cognitive-enhancing and anxiolytic drugs. Chapters also examine the interface of pharmacogenetics with substance dependence and brain imaging, and consider its impact on the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. This book defines the young field of pharmacogenetics as it applies to psychotropic drugs, and is therefore of interest to all clinicians and researchers working in this field.

This textbook presents the latest information on pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics for students, professionals and researchers.

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how variation in the human genome impacts drug response in patients. It is a major driving force of "personalized medicine" in which drug choice and dosing decisions are informed by individual information such as DNA genotype. The field of pharmacogenomics is in an era of explosive growth; massive amounts of data are being collected and knowledge discovered, which promises to push forward the reality of individualized clinical care. However, this large amount of data is dispersed in many journals in the scientific literature and pharmacogenomic findings are discussed in a variety of non-standardized ways. It is thus challenging to identify important associations between drugs and molecular entities, particularly genes and gene variants. Thus, these critical connections are not easily available to investigators or clinicians who wish to survey the state of knowledge for any particular gene, drug, disease or variant. Manual efforts have attempted to catalog this information, however the rapid expansion of pharmacogenomic literature has made this approach infeasible. Natural Language Processing and text mining techniques allow us to convert free-style text to a computable, searchable format in which pharmacogenomic concepts such as genes, drugs, polymorphisms, and diseases are identified, and important links between these concepts are recorded. My dissertation describes novel computational methods to extract and predict pharmacogenomic relationships from text. In one project, we extract pharmacogenomic relationships from the primary literature using text-mining. We process information at the fine-grained sentence level using full text when available. In a second project, we investigate the use of these extracted relationships in place of manually curated relationships as input into an algorithm that predicts pharmacogenes for a drug of interest. We show that for this application we can perform as well with text-mined relationships as with manually curated information. This approach holds great promise as it is cheaper, faster, and more scalable than manual curation. Our method provides us with interesting drug-gene relationship predictions that warrant further experimental investigation. In the third project, we describe knowledge inference in the context of pharmacogenomic relationships. Using cutting-edge natural language processing tools and automated reasoning, we create a rich semantic network of 40,000 pharmacogenomic relationships distilled from 17 million Medline abstracts. This network connects over 200 entity types with clear semantics using more than 70 unique types of relationships. We use this network to create collections of precise and specific types of knowledge, and infer relationships not stated explicitly in the text but rather inferred from the large number of related sentences found in the literature. This is exciting because it demonstrates that we are able to overcome the heterogeneity of written language and infer the correct semantics of the relationship described by authors. Finally, we can use this network to identify conflicting facts described in the literature, to study change in language use over time, and to predict drug-drug interactions. These achievements provide us with new ways of interacting with the literature and the knowledge embedded within it, and help ensure that we do not bury the knowledge embodied in the publications, but rather connect the often fragmented and disconnected pieces of knowledge spread across millions of articles in hundreds of journals. We are thereby brought one step closer to the realization of personalized medicine and ensure that as scientists, we continue to build on the knowledge discovered by past generations and truly to stand on the shoulders of giants.

This book provides a practically applicable guide to the applications of pharmogenomics across medicine. Background information is provided on the mechanisms associated with membrane transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes and their importance in pharmagenomics. Detailed guidance is subsequently presented on how to apply these techniques in disciplines including cardiology, gastroenterology, oncology, transplantation surgery, infectious diseases, anesthesia and analgesia, neurology, psychiatry, primary care, and public health. Clear easy-to-follow instructions are given on how to use big data technologies and public health databases in day-to-day clinical practice. Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice concisely covers how pharmacogenomic technologies and techniques can be applied in daily medical practice. It is therefore an ideal up-to-date resource for any medical practitioner, trainee or researcher across all medical disciplines who want to better understand how to use these techniques.

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