Translation is as old as the art of writing or as old as history of education in general. It is occasioned by the social needs of people. Whenever, for instance, two linguistic groups interact as neighbors to each other, translation from and to each other’s languages becomes inevitable if they must meaningfully communicate with each other in matters of commerce, intermarriage, education, legal issues, etc. Religious books like those that the Holy Qur’ān and the Bible have been facilitating essentially translated to numerous languages in different parts of the world. Translation is also regarded as a significant key that connects the literary works of authors from diverse culture. It also plays a pivotal role in minimizing the cultural divergences. Translation has been widely practiced over the centuries in the world in general and in Arab world in particular. The founding mythology and the sacred texts of the dominant religions are all based on translations. In short, translation has been essential for development and change in literature, commerce, technology, politics, so on and so forth.

Combining theory and practice, this book is a model for Arabic translation and prepares students for the translation industry. Containing 22 approaches, An Introduction to Arabic Translation provides the normative principles to guide training in Arabic-English-Arabic translation. It revitalizes Arabic-English-Arabic translation through its empirical textual reality, hinged upon Arabic and English authentic contexts and their linguistic, discoursal, and cultural incongruity. The exercises in each chapter provide practical training supported by translation theory. The translation commentaries included represent a critical translation quality assessment based on an analysis of discourse and textual features to highlight the process of translation, the translation approach adopted, and why. Such commentary invites students to reflect on their understanding of the translation process and the approach required for a given Arabic-English-Arabic translation problem. Providing a methodologically comprehensive course of Arabic-English-Arabic translation studies, and insightful discussion of high value for both students and teachers, this book will be invaluable to anyone seeking to learn or improve their Arabic and translation skills.

This textbook provides a comprehensive resource for translation students and educators embarking on the challenge of translating into and out of English and Arabic. Combining a solid basis in translation theory with examples drawn from real texts including the Qu’ran, the author introduces a number of the problems and practical considerations which arise during translation between English and Arabic, equipping readers with the skills to recognise and address these issues in their own work through practical exercises. Among these considerations are grammatical, semantic, lexical and cultural problems, collocations, idioms and fixed expressions. With its coverage of essential topics including culturally-bound terms and differences, both novice and more experienced translators will find this book useful in the development of their translation practice.

In the past, the Middle East and the so-called Muslim world used to be beacons of learning and critical thought. Although historical variables—such as conquest, internal conflict, and colonization—demoted their position on the global stage, changes are now in the offing. In these interesting times, a growing number of educators, thinkers and visionaries are trying both to find and to generate new approaches to the past, present, and future of the region. This book is a collection of articles which reflect on various aspects related to education and society in the Middle East and North Africa (also known as the MENA region), their peoples and educational processes. It provides a platform for people to join the global conversation and to contribute to it with data which are relevant to regional concerns, research and practices. This is necessary because many of the theories and research findings which are still being used to understand the region were generated elsewhere and, despite their lack of regional representativeness, were generalized as the most trustworthy interpretive tools across the world. Hence, there is a need for the world to open up to the voices from the MENA region.

This is a coursebook designed for students of translation, which will also benefit professional translators as it covers key issues in contemporary legal translation. The book is divided into two main parts. The first, theoretical part, explores issues such as types of legal texts, readership, communicative purpose, global and local strategies, and modality in addition to analysing the common features of legal discourse in both languages, be they lexical, syntactic, or textual. The second, practical part, discusses issues such as legal rights, contractual obligations, torts, crimes, people and law. It focuses on all types of legal texts, regardless of their classification and examines legislative texts, which have acquired a certain degree of notoriety rarely equalled by any other variety of English.

The heavens and hells of the world's religions and the "far, far away" legends cannot be seen or visited, but they remain an integral part of culture and history. This encyclopedia catalogs more than 800 imaginary and mythological lands from all over the world, including fairy realms, settings from Arthurian lore, and kingdoms found in fairy tales and political and philosophical works, including Sir Thomas More's Utopia and Plato's Atlantis. From al A'raf, the limbo of Islam, to Zulal, one of the many streams that run through Paradise, entries give the literary origin of each site, explain its cultural context, and describe its topical features, listing variations on names when applicable. Cross-referenced for ease of use, this compendium will prove useful to scholars, researchers or anyone wishing to tour the unseen landscapes of myth and legend.

As a continuation of the older tradition of classical liberalism, libertarian thinking draws on a rich body of thought and scholarship. Contemporary libertarian scholars are continuing that tradition by making substantial contributions to such fields as philosophy, jurisprudence, economics, evolutionary psychology, political theory, and history, in both academia and politics. With more than 300 A-to-Z signed entries written by top scholars, The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism is purposed to be a useful compilation of and introduction to libertarian scholarship. The Encyclopedia starts with an introductory essay offering an extensive historical and thematic overview of key thinkers, events, and publications in the development of libertarian thought. The Reader's Guide groups content for researchers and students alike, allowing them to study libertarianism topically, biographically, and by public policy issues. Key Features Entries conclude with bibliographies and references for further reading and cross-references to related entries. Each entry provides an introduction to a topic or policy question relevant to libertarianism or a biography of a person who has had an impact on libertarianism. Editors take special care to ensure entries clearly explain libertarian approaches to issues, do not take sides on disputed matters or engage in polemics, and represent the views of all sides fairly and accurately.