Nitric oxide (NO) is a simple gas with free radical properties. No one would have imagined a role for such a simple substance in the human body. In 1998, R. E Furchgott, E Murad, and L. J. Ignarro received the Nobel prize for their work on NO. Interestingly, Alfred B. Nobel, who invented dynamite by combining nitro glycerin with other substances, took nitroglycerin for his chest pain without realizing that NO mediates its action. Now, in addition to its vasodilating action, NO is known to possess many fundamental functions that include neurotrans mission, blood pressure control, blood clotting, and immune responses. These diverse functions, conversely, imply that the simple NO molecule may unite neuroscience, physiology, and immunology and may change our understanding of how cells communicate and defend themselves. In this context, the Inter national Symposium, Nitric Oxide and Free Radicals, was organized to address current thinking about the widespread distribution and variety of functions of NO in the eye. The symposium was held in Kyoto, Japan, September 28-29 as a Satellite Symposium of the XII International Congress of Eye Research, 1996. The Symposium was the first international gathering of leading scientists and ophthalmologists meeting to present and discuss their most recent results in a specialized area of research, specifically concerning the eye.

Drs. Paul L. Kaufman, Albert Alm, Leonard A Levin, Siv F. E. Nilsson, James Ver Hoeve, and Samuel Wu present the 11th Edition of the classic text Adler's Physiology of the Eye, updated to enhance your understanding of ocular function. This full-color, user-friendly edition captures the latest molecular, genetic, and biochemical discoveries and offers you unparalleled knowledge and insight into the physiology of the eye and its structures. A new organization by function, rather than anatomy, helps you make a stronger connection between physiological principles and clinical practice; and more than 1,000 great new full-color illustrations help clarify complex concepts. You can also access the complete contents online at www.expertconsult.com. Deepen your grasp of the physiological principles that underlie visual acuity, color vision, ocular circulation, the extraocular muscle, and much more. Improve your understanding of physiology by referring to this totally updated volume--organized by function, rather than anatomy--and make a stronger connection between physiological principles and clinical practice. Better visualize information with a new, revamped format that includes 1,000 illustrations presented in full-color to better clarify complex concepts and functions. Access the most recent molecular, genetic, and biochemical discoveries affecting eye function, and gain fresh perspectives from a new, international editorial team. Search the entire contents online and download all the illustrations at www.expertconsult.com.

Acknowledgement This book is the result of a collective effort. Due to an oversight, mention of three of the contributors who played an especially decisive role in bringing the work to fruition was omitted from the book. They should share fully in the intellectual credits accruing from this publication. I would therefore like to acknowledge and thank the following for their outstanding contributions to editing the work: Dr. Morten Dornonville la Cour (MD, Dr. Med. Sci.) solicited and edited the chapters on retina, RPE, choroid, vitreous, immunology, and sclera. Dr. la Cour is a Lecturer, Eye Department, Copenhagen University Hospital, specializes in vitreoretinal surgery, and frequently lectures in the international scene. A trained mathematician, he has done research in retinal pigment epithelial physiology in the laboratories of Drs. Thomas Zeuthen and Sheldon Miller. Dr. Friedrich P.J. Diecke and Dr. Elliott M. Kanner also provided invaluable editorial assistance. Dr Diecke, who was formerly Professor and Chairman of the Department of Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, is a Professor Emeritus at that institution. His research has concentrated on membrane transport mechanisms in lens epithelial cells, corneal endothelial cells and peripheral nerve and on the regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Dr. Elliott M. Kanner was born in Canada in 1970. He graduated from Yale University in 1992 with a BS/MS degree in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. He received his PhD degree from the Rockefeller University in 1999 and his MD degree from Weill/Cornell in 2001. He is currently an Ophthalmology resident at Columbia University. Jorge Fischbarg, December 2005 This book explores the many recent novel ideas about the eye in a systematic and synthetic way. It includes both basic sciences and applications towards clinical research. Chapters include both anatomical and functional descriptions of the different ocular tissues and treatments of a few subjects of practical importance for ophthalmologists. This book is intended for students in basic biomedical science interested in the eye, as well as ophthalmologists a comprehensive source on recent developments in ocular research.* Combines basic science and practical opthalmological subjects * Written with the simplicity of a textbook, while maintaining the comprehensive and rigorous approach of science papers * Includes contributions by well-known experts

This volume presents a basic consensus of how the aqueous humor is formed and exits through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm. It presents a timely update to current knowledge of the molecular transport mechanisms which underlie aqueous humor dynamics. In addition, it provides a concise description of the clinical approaches used for assessing these basic transport processes. The book emphasizes the phenomenon of the diurnal rhythm of aqueous humor formation, from both the clinical and molecular points of view. This phenomenon provides the major indication that aqueous humor secretion is regulated. - Introduces the mechanisms of aqueous humor formation and outflow - Describes the clinical study of aqueous humor dynamics - Exposes the research approaches currently applied - Emphasizes the diurnal rhythm of aqueous humor secretion - Provides awareness of unanswered questions

The Eye: Basic Sciences in Practice provides highly accessible, one-stop coverage of all the essential basic science required by today's ophthalmologists and optometrists in training. It is also core reading for those embarking on a career in visual and ophthalmic science, as well as an invaluable, current refresher for the range of practitioners working in this area. Building on previous success, this fifth edition has been fully revised in line with current curricula, key research developments and clinical best practice. It succinctly incorporates critical developments in fast-moving fields related to the eye and vision, including genetics, pharmacology, microbiology, immunology, pathology, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and imaging. Topical coverage includes: - Major advances in the search for new genes underpinning disease in ophthalmology - The emergence of new infections such as Ebola, Zika and COVID-19 - The importance of the gastrointestinal tract as an immune organ and its functional dependence on the microbiome - Key aspects of melanopsin, melatonin and new ways of light sensing Also, (print purchasers) benefit from access to the complete, fully searchable electronic text, with integrated video and other bonus materials to further explain and expand on key concepts. This combines to make The Eye a more flexible, comprehensive and engaging learning package than ever before. - The only all-embracing textbook of the basic sciences suitable for trainee ophthalmologists, optometrists and vision scientists. - Utilising an attractive page design with over 300 colour drawings and 200 photographs this is an attractive and accessible text to learn from. - The text presents in a readable form an account of all the basic sciences necessary for an understanding of the eye – anatomy, embryology, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, immunology, microbiology and infection and pathology.

Current Topics in Membranes provides a systematic, comprehensive, and rigorous approach to specific topics relevant to the study of cellular membranes. Each volume is a guest edited compendium of membrane biology. - Guest edited by cell membrane experts - Dynamic and thorough coverage of all aspects of the aqueous humor from inflow to outflow - Provides the latest teachings on genomics and glaucoma - Highlights new therapeutic strategies for the control of intraocular pressure

Melatonin is a powerful hormone and antioxidant with numerous effects on the metabolism and the health of humans. Available as a dietary supplement in the United States since 1993, it is one of the most popular over-the-counter alternative remedies available. Comprising contributions from researchers who have studied the role of melatonin in various disease and physiological states, Melatonin in the Promotion of Health, Second Edition provides a wide variety of expert reviews on the biology of melatonin relevant to health. Beginning with a history of melatonin and its relation to circadian rhythms, the book examines its use in a host of applications, including: Gut motility and gastrointestinal diseases Anesthesia and surgery Bone health Breast cancer Cardiovascular diseases Diabetes Age-related macular degeneration and uveitis Melanoma, solar skin damage, and collagen synthesis The prevention of DNA damage Mental disorders, sleep, and issues related to jet lag and shift work The data gathered from a large number of carefully controlled animal and human studies have clearly implicated melatonin in the control mechanisms of a wide variety of physiological and psychological activities, making it a potent candidate for therapeutic use in the treatment of a diverse range of diseases. This volume demonstrates that continued studies of this molecule raise the exciting prospect of providing new avenues of treating numerous diseases more effectively and with less side-effects than those found in conventional treatment modalities.

This selection of articles from the Encyclopedia of the Eye provides a comprehensive overview of immunological features, diseases and inflammation of the eye and its support structures and organs. Rather than taking an immunological focus that is strictly suitable for clinicians, the volume offers a considerable basic science background and addresses a broad range of topics - the immune system of the eye, its various disorders, mechanisms of inflammation of the eye and visual system, treatment, wound healing mechanisms, stem cells, and more. - The first single volume to integrate comparative studies into a comprehensive resource on the neuroscience of ocular immunology - Chapters are carefully selected from the Encyclopedia of the Eye by the world's leading vision researchers - The best researchers in the field provide their conclusions in the context of the latest experimental results

Papers: characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human airway epithelium; nitric oxide and its congeners in mitochondria; role of nitric oxide in inflammation and tissue injury during endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock; nitric oxide and peroxynitrite production in ocular inflammation; 5 papers on pulmonary/pollutant effects; 6 papers on oxidants and signal transduction, including impact of oxidative stress on signal transduction control by phosphotyrosine phosphatases; the nature of antioxidant defense mechanisms; lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human disease; and lung injury and oxidoreductases.