In different sections of this book the relationships between the patterns of psychological response in acute and chronic respiratory failure, as well as the epidemiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in ventilator management, are collected and analyzed. Main concepts such as “vulnerability to stress”, critical illness-psychological stress and susceptibility that may develop during NIV support, as well as the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders in respiratory failure are also summarized. A section is devoted to the most frequent indications of NIV, also including a special use of NIV in pandemic and high-risk infections, as well as in several other conditions such as acute and chronic respiratory failures and neurological disorders. A summary of practical approaches for treatment and prevention in neurologic and psychiatric disorders during noninvasive mechanical ventilation, as well as the perspective in terms of outcomes, quality-of-life, palliative care is also given. The book is intended for all those healthcare professionals treating patients suffering from neurological or psychiatric disorders and who develop acute or chronic respiratory failure. Neurologists, psychiatrists, pulmonary critical care professionals, geriatricians, internists and psychologists will find in the book a valuable guide for their everyday clinical practice.

The new edition presents updates regarding new clinical applications of noninvasive mechanical ventilation and discusses recent technical advances in this field. The opening sections are devoted to theory , equipment, with new chapters on clinical applications in emergency medicine, critical care and sleep medicine, with detailed attention to current studies on NIV-CPAP, innovative clinical implications of NIV-CPAP devices. Due attention is also paid to new ventilation modes and the development of synchronization and patient ventilator interaction results. The closing chapters examine clinical indication. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field, this book will be an invaluable guide for both clinicians and researchers.

This book analyses the basic rationale of noninvasive respiratory management in upper airways medical and perioperative disorders and key interactions and clinical implications. It offers key diagnostic tools to detect early and late failure of upper airway disorders whit a noninvasive approach. Furthermore, all medical and post-operative clinical indications of acute and chronic diseases in upper airway respiratory disorders and outcomes are summarized. The book can be considered unique from various perspectives: from the physiological and practical point of view as well as from the side of the therapeutic approach. As a matter of fact, from the physiological perspective, noninvasive mechanical ventilation has been shown to have several beneficial effects on the elasticity, musculature, and resistance of the upper and lower airways. Then, in the book the relationships between noninvasive respiratory management options and upper airway disorders in medical and postoperative conditions are also considered. Finally, the book provides information and analysis of the interaction of upper airways in the interaction of noninvasive mechanical ventilation management, which are the determining factors in the response in various clinical settings. Considering the growing evidence of the role of upper airways disorders in influencing the outcomes of noninvasive mechanical ventilation, in this book is presented a unique multidisciplinary approach to better understand the role of upper airways in noninvasive mechanical ventilation. The volume – richly illustrated – offers an exhaustive analysis of the role of the upper airways in patients who require treatment with noninvasive mechanical ventilation and can be considered a scientific reference for several specialists such as intensivists and anesthesiologists, pneumologists-sleep medicine professionals as well as otorhinolaryngologists.

This book aims to highlight the importance of the development of health conditions and demand for the application of noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) outside the intensive care units (ICUs); the diversification of possible scenarios outside the ICUs; the need to establish references that consolidate this phenomenon and the healthcare organizations models. In the last decades the extension of the use of NIMV outside of the ICUs has led to the generation of protocols and to the creation of new in-hospital care models. In this field, the main determining factors are a better knowledge of technique, technological advancement, better monitoring capacity, the creation of multidisciplinary teams adequately trained in their application, and social and health events that have overloaded ICUs. All these elements have promoted the creation of these NIMV units outside ICUs. This new reality entails the need for clarification of concepts, recommendations, and analysis of how to plan NIMV. Although the literature that clearly determine the indications and aids on the use of NIMV is considerable, this volume, pointing out the diversity of different healthcare models to define how to organize NIMV outside the ICUs, shed a light and bring a clear benefit to the scientific community involved. The book is structured in eleven main sections analyzing the epidemiology and trends for NIMV healthcare models and determining factors for these models outside ICUs. The originality of the work, its clear clinical-practical impact and the multidisciplinary approach given by all healthcare professionals involved (intensivists, pneumologists, internal medicine and emergency medicine specialists, geriatricians, chest respiratory therapists, etc.) is very relevant for the thoroughness of the book.

Frontiers in Psychiatry is proud to present our Case Reports series. Our case reports aim to highlight unique cases of patients that present with an unexpected/unusual diagnosis, treatment outcome, or clinical course. Case reports provide insight into the differential diagnosis, decision-making, and clinical management of unusual cases and are a valuable educational tool.

Neurological and Neurosurgical Emergencies addresses emergencies in all fields of neuroscience, including disciplines like Neurology, Neurosurgery, Neuroanaesthesia, and Neuroradiology. This volume covers neurosurgical emergencies, like hydrocephalus, brain edema, intracranial bleed, intracranial hematoma, infection, and trauma, alongside neurovascular emergencies like acute ischemic stroke, non-traumatic, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, carotid cavernous fistula, and arteriovenous malformation. In addition, the book discusses common emergencies in neurology, including status epilepticus, refractory epilepsy, super-refractory epilepsy, and neuromuscular disorders. Beginning with neurological examination of patients through to anesthetic management of various emergencies, this book features clear images that accompany each emergency with learner-friendly features such as flow-charts, figures, text boxes, and algorithms. This book provides insights into all possible aspects of emergency management and the anesthetic management of such patients. - Covers all neurological and neurosurgical emergencies during the perioperative period - Offers practical approaches in the treatment and management of such patients in operation theatre, neuroradiological suites, and intensive care units - Discusses practical and evidence-based concepts of neuroanaesthesia - Details the latest guidelines in patient management

This book explores the intricate links between sleep and neuropsychiatric diseases. In clinical settings, understanding the development, treatment, and management of neuropsychiatric diseases poses a substantial challenge. Neuropsychiatric disorders place a significant cost on society, affecting the health of people affected, care providers, and the general community. Sleep and neuropsychiatric disease are inextricably linked. Sleep disorders are widespread in these populations and are frequently overlooked in neurology and psychiatry. The book offers readers up-to-date information on different facets of the bidirectional connections between sleep and neuropsychiatric diseases. Following the initial fundamental science part, a unique series of chapters concentrate on the behavioural manifestations of sleep problems, a hitherto unexplored field. Additional chapters include patient evaluation techniques as well as public health implications of sleep disorders. The individual chapters cover all main mental and neurological diseases where a change in sleep is evident, and recent concepts in pathogenesis, presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Neuropsychotropic drugs must be seen as a double-edged sword when it comes to sleep and sleep disorders. Overall, this book is an excellent resource for learning about neuropsychiatric diseases and how they affect sleep while simultaneously being impacted by sleep.

Volume I.B An outbreak of a respiratory disease first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and the causative agent was discovered in January 2020 to be a novel betacoronovirus of the same subgenus as SARS-CoV and named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly disseminated worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to severe pneumonia and a fatality rate estimated around 2%. Person to person transmission is occurring both in the community and healthcare settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently declared the COVID-19 epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. The ongoing outbreak presents many clinical and public health management challenges due to limited understanding of viral pathogenesis, risk factors for infection, natural history of disease including clinical presentation and outcomes, prognostic factors for severe illness, period of infectivity, modes and extent of virus inter-human transmission, as well as effective preventive measures and public health response and containment interventions. There are no antiviral treatment nor vaccine available but fast track research and development efforts including clinical therapeutic trials are ongoing across the world. Managing this serious epidemic requires the appropriate deployment of limited human resources across all cadres of health care and public health staff, including clinical, laboratory, managerial and epidemiological data analysis and risk assessment experts. It presents challenges around public communication and messaging around risk, with the potential for misinformation and disinformation. Therefore, integrated operational research and intervention, learning from experiences across different fields and settings should contribute towards better understanding and managing COVID-19. This Research Topic aims to highlight interdisciplinary research approaches deployed during the COVID-19 epidemic, addressing knowledge gaps and generating evidence for its improved management and control. It will incorporate critical, theoretically informed and empirically grounded original research contributions using diverse approaches, experimental, observational and intervention studies, conceptual framing, expert opinions and reviews from across the world. The Research Topic proposes a multi-dimensional approach to improving the management of COVID-19 with scientific contributions from all areas of virology, immunology, clinical microbiology, epidemiology, therapeutics, communications as well as infection prevention and public health risk assessment and management studies.

Post-operative neuropsychiatric disorder (POND) is a series of neuropsychiatric symptoms strongly linked to the triggering factors, anesthesia, and surgery exposure. The clinical manifestations mainly include delirium, cognitive dysfunction, and affective disorders after surgeries. POND is the most frequent postoperative complication in elderly patients, especially those undergoing major surgery, such as cardiac and hip surgeries. It has been well recognized that oxidative stress, abnormal changes in neurotransmitters and synapses, as well as Aβ deposition, and phosphorylation of tau protein are probably involved in the mechanisms of POND. Although studies on the POND are in full swing, underlying pathogenesis is still ambiguous because of conflicting results and controversial evidence. Currently, patients with POND still fail to receive effective treatments, although clinical studies in this field have focused on these potential therapeutic targets in the last decades. Most importantly, more than 320 million people are scheduled to undergo surgeries every year globally, it is, therefore, an urgent need to develop and provide effective therapeutic strategies for patients with POND.