Cerebral gliomas account for 45% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The median survival after the initial diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is only 15 months, and less than 10% of patients survive three years post-diagnosis. Surgical treatment followed by adjuvant therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy represents the classical strategy in glioma management. The revised WHO 2016 classification now distinguishes the oligodendrogliomas with 1p19q codeletion and IDH mutation from the astrocytomas with or without IDH mutations, thereby creating homogenous and pathologically distinct subgroups. While the status of gene expression and mutations define components of GBM subtypes, it was also found that response to therapies was different for each subtype, suggesting that personalized treatment based on genomic alterations could lead to a more favorable outcome for this disease.

In the last 10 years, there has been huge progress in the general understanding of ocular disorders due to the availability and development of new in vivo imaging techniques, such as anterior and posterior eye segment optical coherence tomography as well as biochemical methods allowing rapid confirmation of clinical diagnosis.Introducing noninvasive diagnostic methods in ophthalmology led to an improvement in early differential diagnosis of conditions such as corneal dystrophies, dry eye disease, and various retinal and optic nerve diseases.Recent advances in diagnostic methods have also impacted the treatment methods. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of current ocular diagnostic methods, including the theoretical basis as well as practical approaches and usage in clinical practice.

Oxidative stress, free radicals, antioxidants - when it comes to our health, this topic is taking up more and more attention. But what is oxidative stress, how does it arise and what effects does it have on the most sensitive area of our body: the neuronal tissue or the retina. Many neurological diseases affecting the brain or the retina are associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). High levels of ROS can cause damage to proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, membranes, and organelles such as mitochondria, and can be caused not only by external stimuli but also by aging. Most theories on the aging scenario assume that cumulative oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative damage. Therefore, it is not surprising that excess ROS is among others associated with the development of a variety of age-related neuronal diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as retinal diseases diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular (AMD) degeneration. The aim of this Research Topic is to answer open questions, to combine already gained knowledge, to close the gaps between ophthalmology and neurology when it comes to oxidative stress in order to understand the underlying pathways and derive innovative therapies. It searches for the updates and new findings in both fields that answer the central question: are the same cell types affected by oxidative stress in the same way in the brain and retina? Experimental studies or patient studies that provide new insights are welcome, as well as studies that investigate antioxidant therapies.

• Significant research and increase in knowledge about retinal diseases in recent years • Highly practical and clinically relevant • All editors with international reputation and contributing authors with expertise on their topic • Reader-friendly format: Well-structured text and design, quick and easy to read • Richly illustrated with numerous tables and color photos • Ophthalmology series is indispensable for continuous education and advanced training • Series bridges the gap between primary literature and daily practice • Every 2nd year each subject of the series is covered with timely information about the new development in the specialized field

Profound mortality rates, due to cardiovascular disease, are a worldwide problem. Cardiovascular disease results from complications of a silent and chronic arterial disease: atherosclerosis. The challenge for the practitioner is adapting diagnostic and therapeutic responses to prevent this common and complex disease. Dyslipidemia, are disorders of the metabolism of soluble transporters of lipids in extracellular spaces of the human body (including blood), called lipoproteins. They are major cardiovascular risk factors, causally related with atherosclerosis and are themselves multifactorial diseases, resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The study of genetic factors has recently taken a new path with the study of DNA as an experimental object. More than fifty genes of lipoprotein metabolism have been identified in both their physiological actions and their contribution to the pathogenesis of human dyslipidemia. The diversity of observations has refined our current knowledge of the control of lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in living organisms beyond the limits of the cardiovascular system (e.g., brain, immune system, and development). These studies have given way to a shake-up of former phenotypic classifications, distinguishing new entities, defining targeted therapeutic strategies, providing a basis for different patterns of disease distribution in human populations.