Ocean Currents

Ocean Currents is a derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition and serves as an important reference on current ocean current knowledge and expertise in one convenient and accessible source. Its selection of articles—all written by experts in their field—focuses on key ocean current concepts. Its topics include ocean currents, the circulation of deep water, the contrasting circulations of the seas, the circulation in fjords, estuaries and the effects of rivers, and the intermittency and variability of the oceans. Ocean Currents serves as an ideal reference for topical research. References related articles on ocean currents to facilitate further research Richly illustrated with figures and tables that aid in understanding key concepts Includes an introductory overview of ocean currents and then explores each topic in detail, making it useful to experts and graduate-level researchers Topical arrangement makes it the perfect desk reference

Measuring Ocean Currents: Tools, Technologies, and Data covers all major aspects of ocean current measurements in view of the implications of ocean currents on changing climate, increasing pollution levels, and offshore engineering activities. Although more than 70% of the Earth is covered by ocean, there is limited information on the countless fine- to large-scale water motions taking place within them. This book fills that information gap as the first work that summarizes the state-of-the-art methods and instruments used for surface, subsurface, and abyssal ocean current measurements. Readers of this book will find a wealth of information on Lagrangian measurements, horizontal mapping, imaging, Eulerian measurements, and vertical profiling techniques. In addition, the book describes modern technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures, including HF Doppler radar systems, satellite-borne sensors, ocean acoustic tomography, and more. Crucial aspects of ocean currents are described in detail as well, including dispersion of effluents discharged into the sea and transport of beneficial materials—as well as environmentally hazardous materials—from one region to another. The book highlights several important practical applications, showing how measurements relate to climate change and pollution levels, how they affect coastal and offshore engineering activities, and how they can aid in tsunami detection. - Coverage of measurement, mapping and profiling techniques - Descriptions of technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures - Reviews crucial aspects of ocean currents, including special emphasis on the planet-spanning thermohaline circulation, known as the ocean's "conveyor belt," and its crucial role in climate change

Have you ever wondered what El Niño was? Written for students in grade 6, Ocean Currents and El Niño discusses El Niño, other ocean currents, and how ocean currents affect the climate and people around the world. This 22-page book includes a glossary of bold-faced vocabulary words, reading activities, an index of terms, and an answer key.

Ocean Currents: Physical Drivers in a Changing World opens with a general introduction to the character, measurement, and simulation of ocean currents, leading to a physical and dynamical framework for understanding the wide variety of flows encountered in the oceans. The book comprises chapters covering distinct aspects of contrasting ocean currents: broad and slow, deep and shallow, narrow and swift, large scale and small scale, low latitudes and high latitudes, and moving in horizontal and vertical planes. Through this approach the authors cover a wide range of applications, from local to global, with considerable geographical context. - Provides analyses of ocean observations and numerical model simulations, highlighting the pathways and drift associated with ocean currents, around the World Ocean, linked to online exercises for instructors and students that extend this perspective - Presents applications to natural phenomena, showing how ocean currents shape marine ecosystems, helping researchers understand the distribution and adaptation of life in the oceans - Addresses societal challenges, specifically how ocean currents disperse pollutants (e.g. plastic) from coastal sources and how the global ocean circulation is central to our changing climate, helping students and researchers develop an interdisciplinary approach to global environmental change

An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues presents a comprehensive and stimulating introduction to the key environmental issues presently threatening our global environment. Offering an authoritative introduction to the key topics, a source of latest environmental information, and an innovative stimulus for debate, this is an essential book for all those studying or concerned with global environmental issues. Major global environmental issues are brought into focus. Explanations of the evolution of the earth's natural systems (hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, ecosphere) provide an essential understanding of the scientific concepts, processes and historical background to environmental issues. Contemporary socio-economic, cultural and political considerations are explored and important conceptual approaches such as Gaian hypotheses and Chaos Theory are introduced. Human impact and management of the natural environment, and concerns for maintaining biodiversity are emphasised throughout. Specific features include: * Case studies drawn from across the world * Superb illustrations: 4-colour plate sections; a wealth of informative diagrams * Glossary of key terms, with key concepts highlighted throughout the text * Annotated guides to further reading * Chapter summaries and key points A Lecturers' Manual is available to accompany the text This 2nd Edition has been extensively revised and expanded to include many new illustrations, up-to-date data (including the latest IPCC data) and the most recent events including Khobe earthquake, French nuclear testing, the Berlin conference and the Antarctic Treaty. Sections on ecosystems, techniques, pollution, tectonics, risk and hazard mitigation, world populations, and issues of human impact and environmental management, have been particularly expanded in this new edition.

Index Questions only MCQs Topic: Solar System (Q.1 to Q.22) (Page No. 2-3) MCQs Topic: The solar system planets information (Q.23 to Q.66) (Page No. 4- 8) Geomorphology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.67 to Q.76) (Page No.8-9) MCQs Topic: Latitude and Longitude Specific | Standard Time zone (Q.77 to Q.101) (Page No.9-11) MCQs Topic: Motions of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution (Q.102 to Q.111) (Page No.11-12) MCQs Topic: Domains of the Earth: Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere (Q.112 to Q.133) (Page No.12-14) MCQs Topic: Interior of the Earth: Core, Mantle and Crust (Q.134 to Q.155) (Page No.14-16) MCQs Topic: Earthquake Causes and Effects (Q. 156 to Q.195) (Page No.16-20) MCQs Topic: Seismic waves and earth’s interior: P waves, S waves, L waves (Q.196 to Q.215) (Page No.20-21) MCQs Topic: Classification of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks (Q.216 to Q.251) (Page No.21-24) MCQs Topic: Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks (Q.252 to Q.261) (Page No.25-25) MCQs Topic: Seafloor Spreading theory, Paleomagnetism (Q.262 to Q.277) (Page No.25-27) MCQs Topic: Plate Tectonics theory (Q.278 to Q.305) (Page No.27-30) MCQs Topic: Geomorphic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic forces (Q.306 to Q.322) (Page No.30-31) MCQs Topic: Endogenic forces: Epeirogenic and Orogenic (Q.323 to Q.341) (Page No.31-33) MCQs Topic: Exogenic Forces: Denudation and Weathering (Q.342 to Q.366) (Page No.33-35) MCQs Topic: Tsunami and its causes & Tsunami Warning Systems (Q.367 to Q.373) (Page No.35-36) MCQs Topic: Volcanism and Volcanic landforms (Q.374 to Q.423) (Page No.36-41) MCQs Topic: Major Landforms of the Earth (Q.424 to Q.430) (Page No.41-41) MCQs Topic: Fluvial landforms (Q.431 to Q.445) (Page No.41-43) MCQs Topic: Aeolian Landforms (Q.446 to Q.474) (Page No.43-45) Climatology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.475 to Q.480) (Page No.45-46) MCQs Topic: Composition and structure of the atmosphere (Q.481 to Q.509) (Page No.46-49) MCQs Topic: Insolation and Heat budget of the Earth (Q.510 to Q.538) (Page No.49-51) MCQs Topic: Pressure Belts of the Earth (Q.539 to Q.567) (Page No.51-54) MCQs Topic: Types of Wind – Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds (Q.568 to Q.602) (Page No.54-57) MCQs Topic: Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather (Q.603 to Q.619) (Page No.57-59) MCQs Topic: Cyclones and Anticyclone (Q.620 to Q.654) (Page No.59-62) MCQs Topic: Jet Stream (Climatology) (Q.655 to Q.669) (Page No.62-64) MCQs Topic: Clouds formation & Types of clouds (Q.670 to Q.696) (Page No.64-66) MCQs Topic: Precipitation: Types of Precipitation & Types of Rainfall (Q.697 to Q.739) (Page No.66-70) Oceanography MCQs Topic: Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features (Q.740 to Q.785) (Page No.70-75) MCQs Topic: Important Seas of the world (Q.786 to Q.830) (Page No.75-79) MCQs Topic: Salinity of Ocean water (Q.831 to Q.853) (Page No.79-81) MCQs Topic: Ocean Waves & Movements of Ocean Water (Q.854 to Q.865) (Page No.81-82) MCQs Topic: Ocean Currents: Types of Ocean Currents (Q.866 to Q.892) (Page No.82-84) MCQs Topic: Tides: Spring & Neap Tide, Tidal Bulge, Tidal Bore (Q.893 to Q.921) (Page No.84-87) MCQs Topic: Ocean Resources: Biotic and Abiotic (Q.922 to Q.945) (Page No.87-89) MCQs Topic: El-Nino, La-Nina, ENSO, El Nino Modoki (Q.946 to Q.970) (Page No.89-92) MCQs Topic: Oceans Issues and Threats (Q.971 to Q.995) (Page No.92-94) Revision Test: (Q.1 to Q.322) (Page No.94-122) Questions Cum Answers MCQs Topic: Solar System (Q.1 to Q.22) (Page No.124-130) MCQs Topic: The solar system planets information (Q.23 to Q.66) (Page No.130-141) Geomorphology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.67 to Q.76) (Page No.141-143) MCQs Topic: Latitude and Longitude Specific | Standard Time zone (Q.77 to Q.101) (Page No.143-150) MCQs Topic: Motions of the Earth: Rotation and Revolution (Q.102 to Q.111) (Page No.150-153) MCQs Topic: Domains of the Earth: Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere (Q.112 to Q.133) (Page No.153-158) MCQs Topic: Interior of the Earth: Core, Mantle and Crust (Q.134 to Q.155) (Page No.158-162) MCQs Topic: Earthquake Causes and Effects (Q. 156 to Q.195) (Page No.162-171) MCQs Topic: Seismic waves and earth’s interior: P waves, S waves, L waves (Q.196 to Q.215) (Page No.171-175) MCQs Topic: Classification of Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks (Q.216 to Q.251) (Page No.175-183) MCQs Topic: Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks (Q.252 to Q.261) (Page No.183-186) MCQs Topic: Seafloor Spreading theory, Paleomagnetism (Q.262 to Q.277) (Page No.186-190) MCQs Topic: Plate Tectonics theory (Q.278 to Q.305) (Page No.190-197) MCQs Topic: Geomorphic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic forces (Q.306 to Q.322) (Page No.197-200) MCQs Topic: Endogenic forces: Epeirogenic and Orogenic (Q.323 to Q.341) (Page No.200-204) MCQs Topic: Exogenic Forces: Denudation and Weathering (Q.342 to Q.366) (Page No.204-210) MCQs Topic: Tsunami and its causes & Tsunami Warning Systems (Q.367 to Q.373) (Page No.210-212) MCQs Topic: Volcanism and Volcanic landforms (Q.374 to Q.423) (Page No.212-224) MCQs Topic: Major Landforms of the Earth (Q.424 to Q.430) (Page No.224-225) MCQs Topic: Fluvial landforms (Q.431 to Q.445) (Page No.225-229) MCQs Topic: Aeolian Landforms (Q.446 to Q.474) (Page No.229-236) Climatology MCQs Topic: Latitudes and Longitudes (Q.475 to Q.480) (Page No.236-238) MCQs Topic: Composition and structure of the atmosphere (Q.481 to Q.509) (Page No.238-244) MCQs Topic: Insolation and Heat budget of the Earth (Q.510 to Q.538) (Page No.244-251) MCQs Topic: Pressure Belts of the Earth (Q.539 to Q.567) (Page No.251-260) MCQs Topic: Types of Wind – Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds (Q.568 to Q.602) (Page No.260-269) MCQs Topic: Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather (Q.603 to Q.619) (Page No.269-274) MCQs Topic: Cyclones and Anticyclone (Q.620 to Q.654) (Page No.274-284) MCQs Topic: Jet Stream (Climatology) (Q.655 to Q.669) (Page No.284-289) MCQs Topic: Clouds formation & Types of clouds (Q.670 to Q.696) (Page No.289-295) MCQs Topic: Precipitation: Types of Precipitation & Types of Rainfall (Q.697 to Q.739) (Page No.295-306) Oceanography MCQs Topic: Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features (Q.740 to Q.785) (Page No.306-316) MCQs Topic: Important Seas of the world (Q.786 to Q.830) (Page No.316-324) MCQs Topic: Salinity of Ocean water (Q.831 to Q.853) (Page No.324-330) MCQs Topic: Ocean Waves & Movements of Ocean Water (Q.854 to Q.865) (Page No.330-333) MCQs Topic: Ocean Currents: Types of Ocean Currents (Q.866 to Q.892) (Page No.333-339) MCQs Topic: Tides: Spring & Neap Tide, Tidal Bulge, Tidal Bore (Q.893 to Q.921) (Page No.340-346) MCQs Topic: Ocean Resources: Biotic and Abiotic (Q.922 to Q.945) (Page No.346-351) MCQs Topic: El-Nino, La-Nina, ENSO, El Nino Modoki (Q.946 to Q.970) (Page No.351-358) MCQs Topic: Oceans Issues and Threats (Q.971 to Q.995) (Page No.358-364) Revision Test: (Q.1 to Q.322) (Page No.365-412)