These guidelines, prepared by the European Committee on Legal Co-operation (CDCJ) and adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 16 June 2021, are designed to help the 47 member states of the Organisation to improve the functioning of their online dispute resolution mechanisms (ODR) in civil and administrative court proceedings, and to ensure that such mechanisms are accompanied by robust human rights safeguards, and that they are compatible with the key principles of a fair trial and effective remedy – Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights – as set out in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. This practical legal tool provides guidance in relation to fair procedure – access to justice, equality of arms, evidence, effective proceedings, delivery of the decision, right to a reasoned decision, enforcement of the decision and right to judicial review in cases involving purely automated decisions – to transparency in the use of ODR and requirements for hearings, as well as on specific issues such as cybersecurity and human rights protection, including personal data protection.

These guidelines, prepared by the European Committee on Legal Co-operation (CDCJ) and adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 16 June 2021, are designed to help the 47 member states of the Organisation to improve the functioning of their online dispute resolution mechanisms (ODR) in civil and administrative court proceedings, and to ensure that such mechanisms are accompanied by robust human rights safeguards, and that they are compatible with the key principles of a fair trial and effective remedy - Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights - as set out in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.This practical legal tool provides guidance in relation to fair procedure - access to justice, equality of arms, evidence, effective proceedings, delivery of the decision, right to a reasoned decision, enforcement of the decision and right to judicial review in cases involving purely automated decisions - to transparency in the use of ODR and requirements for hearings, as well as on specific issues such as cybersecurity and human rights protection, including personal data protection

This report assesses the use of online dispute resolution (ODR) in Latvia. It looks at the country’s efforts to modernise its justice system and develop dispute resolution mechanisms, identifies areas for improvement in line with the OECD ODR Framework, and provides examples of the application of ODR in other countries.

We live in an age in which expressive, informational, and technological subject matter are becoming increasingly important. Intellectual property is the primary means by which the law seeks to regulate such subject matter. It aims to promote innovation and creativity, and in doing so to support solutions to global environmental and health problems, as well as freedom of expression and democracy. It also seeks to stimulate economic growth and competition, accounting for its centrality to EU Internal Market and international trade and development policies. Additionally, it is of enormous and increasing importance to business. As a result there is a substantial and ever-growing interest in intellectual property law across all spheres of industry and social policy, including an interest in its legal principles, its social and normative foundations, and its place and operation in the political economy. This handbook written by leading academics and practitioners from the field of intellectual property law, and suitable for both a specialist legal readership and an intelligent but non-specialist legal and non-legal readership, provides a comprehensive account of the following areas: - The foundations of IP law, including its emergence and development in different jurisdictions and regions; - The substantive rules and principles of IP; and - Important issues arising from the existence and operation of IP in the political economy.

This book covers technologies that pose new challenges for consumer policy, creative developments that can help protect consumers’ economic interests, innovative approaches to addressing perennial consumer concerns, and the challenges entailed by emerging ways of creating and delivering consumer products and services. In addition, it reflects on past successes and failures of consumer law and policy, explores opportunities for moving consumer law in a different direction, and discusses potential threats to consumer welfare, especially in connection with the changing political landscape in many parts of the world. Several chapters examine consumer law in individual countries, while others have an international focus.

In 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to affect economic development. In addition, due to the changing global situation, international competition was increasingly fierce. Under the circumstances of major changes and a pandemic unseen in a century, commercial dispute resolution in China is confronting new challenges, facing new changes and ushering in new developments. In the field of commercial arbitration, the promulgation of the Arbitration Law (Revision) (Draft for Comment) brought about many reforms to China’s current arbitration system, aroused widespread attention and discussion in the industry, and boosted arbitration research and the arbitration legal system to new levels. Arbitration institutions, including the Beijing Arbitration Commission/Beijing International Arbitration Center (hereinafter referred to as the “BAC/BIAC”), have duly issued new rules according to the needs of case handling and pandemic prevention and control in order to guide new arbitration practices, and the highlights of China’s judicial supervision and opening-up of arbitration are eye-catching. In the field of commercial mediation, the Supreme People’s Court has continuously promoted the development of a “one-stop” diversified dispute resolution system to support international commercial mediation organizations in providing mediation services in free trade zones; the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court has innovatively introduced third-party mediation organizations to participate in bankruptcy reconciliation; and practices in coordination between arbitration and mediation have been constantly enriched. Commercial mediation is playing an increasingly important role in alternative dispute resolution in China. In key professional fields, while actively responding to the impacts of the pandemic and focusing upon the resumption of work and production, legal construction and dispute resolution have also been developing.

This book studies three interrelated frontiers in civil justice from European and national perspectives, combining theory with policy and insights from practice: the interplay between private and public justice, the digitisation of justice, and litigation funding. These current topics are viewed against the backdrop of the requirements of effective access to justice and the overall goal of establishing a sustainable civil justice system in Europe.

This book provides law-based governance which is one of the basic policies that underpins our endeavors to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Law is the key to governing the country,and the rule of law is an important support for the national governance system and governance capacity. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC,China has implemented the four-pronged comprehensive strategy and created an unprecedented new situation for law-based governance. Further progress has been made in ensuring China’s legislation is sound,law enforcement is strict, the administration of justice is impartial,and the law is observed by everyone. China’s efforts to build a country, government,and society based on the rule of law have been mutually reinforcing; the system of distinctively Chinese socialist rule of law has been steadily improved; public awareness of the rule of law has risen markedly. In recent years, China has adhered to the correct handling of the relationship between deepening reform and law-based governance,ensuring that major reforms are justified by law and providing solid guarantees of the rule of law for reform and opening-up. China has adhered to combine law-based governance of the country and rule-based governance over the party and exercised law-based governance at every point in the process and over every dimension of full and rigorous governance over the party and has made remarkable achievements in the construction of a clean and honest government and the struggle against corruption.

This text offers a lively analysis of the issues which currently face the English legal system, but without getting into the level of detail found in other texts.

The disputes that arise between host states and investors in the energy sector put a high number of valuable and vital projects in the countries at risk. Investment treaty arbitration mechanisms, as the traditional remedy, have provided a solution to these problems for decades. However, as the number of disputes increases, the sufficiency of arbitration in responding to disputes became questionable in addition to the long-lasting and costly cases. Accordingly, ADR mechanisms outside the arbitration cannon have triggered growing interest among practitioners. Despite the attraction and the apparent benefits of ADR such as being cheaper, faster and with better outcomes compared to arbitration, there are also hurdles in front that hinder the application of ADR. This has lead to the underuse of ADR in appropriate contexts. This study has been conducted to research the gap for the applicability of the ADR methods for investment disputes in the energy sector with the doctrinal analysis of the existing literature either promoting or opposing ADR. Its findings provide guidance for alternative dispute resolution practitioners on when to use ADR, how to use ADR and on what disputes ADR to be used to resolve conflicts in International Energy Investment.