A critical examination of the ways in which English is conceptualised for learning, teaching, and assessment in a range of domains, from both social and cognitive perspectives. Researchers and postgraduates working on English in L1 and L2 educational contexts will find it valuable for research and collaboration.

An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents. The concept is important for the purpose of enabling knowledge sharing and reuse. The Handbook on Ontologies provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospectives of the field of ontologies. The handbook demonstrates standards that have been created recently, it surveys methods that have been developed and it shows how to bring both into practice of ontology infrastructures and applications that are the best of their kind.

Verifying correctness of stated facts, rules, and term definitions for an industrial domain of work requires the contributions of experts in the domain. Conversely, use of automated reasoning technologies to assist in making industry decisions and validating industry information demands that facts, rules and the definitions of terms be stated in a formal logic language. Such languages are very difficult for engineers and operations experts to understand, and generally difficult to use. A restricted English is a language that looks like English, but is carefully restricted in grammar, so that it has an unambiguous equivalent in a formal logic language. This paper presents the grammar for RECON -- a restricted English language whose purpose is to capture industry concepts, facts and rules in such a way as to permit conversion to an extended firstorder logic language (IKL). The vocabulary of the language -- the nouns, verbs and adjectives -- is defined by the industry experts. The grammar regulates the forms of definitions and sentences that use those terms. The RECON grammar supports the use of complex noun phrases involving individuals, groups, classifiers and properties, quantifying expressions and ad hoc classifiers that are qualified by adjectives and properties. It supports verb phrases involving verbs and prepositional phrases, and it supports simple, compound and conditional sentence structures. RECON English can be read by experts in the industry domain, and can be written more easily by analysts who are capturing the knowledge of those experts. It facilitates the transfer of human knowledge to computational forms.

The book highlights the concept of ontology, relationship between language and ontology, the distinction between ontology and reality, the role of linguistic philosophers in dealing with ontology etc. Apart from these, the eminent scholars address themselves with the ontology behind the value of valuation, exclusion and discrimination, inter-religious dialogue, Indian theories of language, values in cinema, poetic language etc.

Bloomsbury World Englishes offers a comprehensive and rigorous description of the facts, implications and contentious issues regarding the forms and functions of English in the world. International experts cover a diverse range of varieties and topics, offering a more accurate understanding of English across the globe and the various social contexts in which it plays a significant role. With volumes dedicated to research paradigms, language ideologies and pedagogies, the collection pushes the boundaries of the field to go beyond traditional descriptive paradigms and contribute to moving research agendas forward. Volume 3: Pedagogies addresses the teaching of English as a world language. Chapters in this volume consider the teaching and learning of English(es) from a range of perspectives and on the basis of experiences and research from many parts of the world.

This thesis is concerned with the use of domain ontologies facilitating the generation of multilingual grammars, which furthermore can be integrated in the natural language understanding module of a communication system. In particular we work on grammars for supporting user queries when accessing the web in English, Hindi and Spanish in two scenarios: searching for a new medical specialist and looking for the information about cultural events in the city. Although there have been many works on communication systems supporting English and Spanish, this is not the case for Hindi language. For economical and cultural reasons there have not been many studies on the integration of Hindi language on communication systems. For this reason, our thesis also deals with the difficulty of working on a language for which not many studies have been done nor do existing resources exist. In order to facilitate the generation of linguistic resources for the three languages in different domains we propose a clear separation of the conceptual and linguistic knowledge, as well as a separation of general and domain-restricted knowledge bases, being conceptual knowledge. Conceptual knowledge is represented in ontologies and is reused across the three languages. Linguistic knowledge is language specific. General knowledge consists in general conceptual concepts represented in a general ontology and general linguistic knowledge can be represented as general grammars rules that can be reused across domains. For developing the grammar rules for each domain and language we use grammatical framework (GF), a powerful tool for writing multilingual grammars. One of the main advantages of this formalism is that favours a clear separation of conceptual and syntactic knowledge involved in a particular grammar: it represent the conceptual knowledge in a module called abstract grammar and the syntactic details in a separate but related module called concrete grammar. We define abstract grammar from ontologies and they are base to further developing the concrete grammar.

This open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Semantic Systems, SEMANTiCS 2019, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in September 2019. The 20 full papers and 8 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 88 submissions. They cover topics such as: web semantics and linked (open) data; machine learning and deep learning techniques; semantic information management and knowledge integration; terminology, thesaurus and ontology management; data mining and knowledge discovery; semantics in blockchain and distributed ledger technologies.

Introduction to Bio-Ontologies explores the computational background of ontologies. Emphasizing computational and algorithmic issues surrounding bio-ontologies, this self-contained text helps readers understand ontological algorithms and their applications.The first part of the book defines ontology and bio-ontologies. It also explains the importan