Optical Properties and Band Structure of Semiconductors, Volume 1 presents the experimental studies of the fundamental energy band structure of semiconductors and insulators. This book provides detailed information of the available measurement methods and results for a large number of both cubic and non-cubic materials. Comprised of 10 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the fundamental band structure of semiconductors. This text then discusses the instrumentation and methods available for the measurement of absorption coefficient, absolute reflection coefficient, and other optical properties of insulators and semiconductors primarily in their fundamental region. Other chapters consider the interband transitions in the one-electron approximation. The final chapter deals with the equivalence of the transverse and longitudinal dielectric constants in the frequency range under consideration. This book is a valuable resource for solid state physicists. Readers and researchers with interest in the electron and optical properties of semiconductors and insulators will also find this book useful.

We began planning and writing this book in the late 1970s at the suggestion of Manuel Cardona and Helmut Lotsch. We also received considerable en couragement and stimulation from colleagues. Some said there was a need for instructional material in this area while others emphasized the utility of a research text. We tried to strike a compromise. The figures, tables, and references are included to enable researchers to obtain quickly essential information in this area of semiconductor research. For instructors and stu dents, we attempt to cover some basic ideas about electronic structure and semiconductor physics with applications to real, rather than model, solids. We wish to thank our colleagues and collaborators whose research re sults and ideas are presented here. Special thanks are due to Jim Phillips who influenced us both during our formative years and afterwards. We are grateful to Sari Yamagishi for her patience and skill with the typing and production of the manuscript. Finally, we acknowledge the great patience of Helmut Lotsch and Manuel Cardona. Berkeley, CA M.L. Cohen Minneapolis, MN, J.R. Chelikowsky March 1988 VII Contents 1. Introduction............................................... 1 2. Theoretical Concepts and Methods ..................... 4 2.1 The One-Electron Model and Band Structure............ 7 2.2 Properties of En(k) ...................................... 11 3. Pseudopotentials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 The Empirical Pseudopotential Method.................. 20 3.2 Self-Consistent and Ab Initio Pseudopotentials ........... 25 4. Response Functions and Density of States .............. 30 4.1 Charge Density and Bonding ................... . . . . . . . . . 38 .

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

This monograph is concerned with the III-V bulk and low-dimensional semiconductors, with the emphasis on the implications of multi-valley bandstructures for the physical mechanisms essential for opto-electronic devices. The optical response of such semiconductor materials is determined by many-body effects such as screening, gap narrowing, Fermi-edge singularity, electron-hole plasma and liquid formation. Consequently, the discussion of these features reflects such interdependencies with the dynamics of excitons and carriers resulting from intervalley coupling.

II-VI Semiconductor Materials and Their Applications deals with II-VI compound semiconductors and the status of the two areas of current optoelectronics applications: blue-green emitters and IR detectors. Specifically, the growth, charactrtization, materials and device issues for these two applications are described. Emphasis is placed on the wide bandgap emitters where much progress has occurred recently.The book also presents new directions that have potential, future applications in optoelectronics for II-VI materials. In particular, it discusses the status of dilute magnetic semiconductors for mango-optical and electromagnetic devices, nonlinear optical properties, photorefractive effects and new materials and physics phenomena, such as self-organized, low-dimensional structures.II_VI Semiconductor Materials and Their Applications is a valuable reference book for researchers in the field as well as a textbook for materials science and applied physics courses.

Semiconductor Materials presents physico-chemical, electronic, electrical, elastic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, and other properties of a vast group of elemental, binary, and ternary inorganic semiconductors and their solid solutions. It also discusses the properties of organic semiconductors. Descriptions are given of the most commonly used semiconductor devices-charge-coupled devices, field-effect transistors, unijunction transistors, thyristors, Zener and avalanche diodes, and photodiodes and lasers. The current trend of transitioning from silicon technology to gallium arsenide technology in field-effect-based electronic devices is a special feature that is also covered. More than 300 figures and 100 tables highlight discussions in the text, and more than 2,000 references guide you to further sources on specific topics. Semiconductor Materials is a relatively compact book containing vast information on semiconductor material properties. Readers can compare results of the property measurements that have been reported by different authors and critically compare the data using the reference information contained in the book. Engineers who design and improve semiconductor devices, researchers in physics and chemistry, and students of materials science and electronics will find this a valuable guide.

The definition of optical material has expanded in recent years, largely because of IT advances that have led to rapid growth in optoelectronics applications. Helping to explain this evolution, Optical Materials and Applications presents contributions from leading experts who explore the basic concepts of optical materials and the many typical applications in which they are used. An invaluable reference for readers ranging from professionals to technical managers to graduate engineering students, this book covers everything from traditional principles to more cutting-edge topics. It also details recent developmental trends, with a focus on basic optical properties of material. Key topics include: Fundamental optical properties of solids Fundamental optical materials (including thin films) from both linear and nonlinear perspectives Use of bulk materials in the design of various modifications Application of optical thin films in artificial components Formation of artificial structures with sub-wavelength dimensions Use of physical or chemical techniques to control lightwave phase One-, two-, and three-dimensional structures used to control dispersion of materials for nanophotonics Progress of the optical waveguide, which makes optical systems more compact and highly efficient This book carefully balances coverage of theory and application of typical optical materials for ultraviolet, visible and infrared, non-linear optics, solid state lasers, optical waveguides, optical thin films and nanophotonics. It addresses both basic ideas and more advanced topics, making it an equally invaluable resource for beginners and active researchers in this growing field.

This book addresses material growth, device fabrication, device application, and commercialization of energy-efficient white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and power electronics devices. It begins with an overview on basics of semiconductor materials, physics, growth and characterization techniques, followed by detailed discussion of advantages, drawbacks, design issues, processing, applications, and key challenges for state of the art GaN-based devices. It includes state of the art material synthesis techniques with an overview on growth technologies for emerging bulk or free standing GaN and AlN substrates and their applications in electronics, detection, sensing, optoelectronics and photonics. Wengang (Wayne) Bi is Distinguished Chair Professor and Associate Dean in the College of Information and Electrical Engineering at Hebei University of Technology in Tianjin, China. Hao-chung (Henry) Kuo is Distinguished Professor and Associate Director of the Photonics Center at National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Tsu, Taiwan, China. Pei-Cheng Ku is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Bo Shen is the Cheung Kong Professor at Peking University in China.