Study the past, if you would divine the future. -CONFUCIUS A well written, organized, and concise survey is an important tool in any newly emerging field of study. This present text is the first of a new series that has been established to promote the publications of such survey books. A survey serves several needs. Virtually every new research area has its roots in several diverse areas and many of the initial fundamental results are dispersed across a wide range of journals, books, and conferences in many dif ferent sub fields. A good survey should bring together these results. But just a collection of articles is not enough. Since terminology and notation take many years to become standardized, it is often difficult to master the early papers. In addition, when a new research field has its foundations outside of computer science, all the papers may be difficult to read. Each field has its own view of el egance and its own method of presenting results. A good survey overcomes such difficulties by presenting results in a notation and terminology that is familiar to most computer scientists. A good survey can give a feel for the whole field. It helps identify trends, both successful and unsuccessful, and it should point new researchers in the right direction.

This volume contains the proceedings from the workshops held in conjunction with the IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS 2000, on 1-5 May 2000 in Cancun, Mexico. The workshopsprovidea forum for bringing together researchers,practiti- ers, and designers from various backgrounds to discuss the state of the art in parallelism.Theyfocusondi erentaspectsofparallelism,fromruntimesystems to formal methods, from optics to irregular problems, from biology to networks of personal computers, from embedded systems to programming environments; the following workshops are represented in this volume: { Workshop on Personal Computer Based Networks of Workstations { Workshop on Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computational Models { Workshop on Par. and Dist. Comp. in Image, Video, and Multimedia { Workshop on High-Level Parallel Prog. Models and Supportive Env. { Workshop on High Performance Data Mining { Workshop on Solving Irregularly Structured Problems in Parallel { Workshop on Java for Parallel and Distributed Computing { WorkshoponBiologicallyInspiredSolutionsto ParallelProcessingProblems { Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Real-Time Systems { Workshop on Embedded HPC Systems and Applications { Recon gurable Architectures Workshop { Workshop on Formal Methods for Parallel Programming { Workshop on Optics and Computer Science { Workshop on Run-Time Systems for Parallel Programming { Workshop on Fault-Tolerant Parallel and Distributed Systems All papers published in the workshops proceedings were selected by the p- gram committee on the basis of referee reports. Each paper was reviewed by independent referees who judged the papers for originality, quality, and cons- tency with the themes of the workshops.

In the mid-sixties, John Robson and Christina Enroth-Cugell, without realizing what they were doing, set off a virtual revolution in the study of the visual system. They were trying to apply the methods of linear systems analysis (which were already being used to describe the optics of the eye and the psychophysical performance of the human visual system) to the properties of retinal ganglion cells in the cat. Their idea was to stimulate the retina with patterns of stripes and to look at the way that the signals from the center and the antagonistic surround of the respective field of each ganglion cell (first described by Stephen Kuffier) interact to generate the cell's responses. Many of the ganglion cells behaved themselves very nicely and John and Christina got into the habit (they now say) of calling them I (interesting) cells. However. to their annoyance, the majority of neurons they recorded had nasty, nonlinear properties that couldn't be predicted on the basis of simple summ4tion of light within the center and the surround. These uncoop erative ganglion cells, which Enroth-Cugell and Robson at first called D (dull) cells, produced transient bursts of impulses every time the distribution of light falling on the receptive field was changed, even if the total light flux was unaltered.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, PPAM 2007, held in Gdansk, Poland, in September 2007. The 63 revised full papers of the main conference presented together with 85 revised workshop papers were carefully reviewed and selected from over 250 initial submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on parallel/distributed architectures and mobile computing, numerical algorithms and parallel numerics, parallel and distributed non-numerical algorithms, environments and tools for as well as applications of parallel/distributed/grid computing, evolutionary computing, meta-heuristics and neural networks. The volume proceeds with the outcome of 11 workshops and minisymposia dealing with novel data formats and algorithms for dense linear algebra computations, combinatorial tools for parallel sparse matrix computations, grid applications and middleware, large scale computations on grids, models, algorithms and methodologies for grid-enabled computing environments, scheduling for parallel computing, language-based parallel programming models, performance evaluation of parallel applications on large-scale systems, parallel computational biology, high performance computing for engineering applications, and the minisymposium on interval analysis.

th This volume contains the papers presented at the 8 International Conference on - vanced Parallel Processing Technologies, APPT 2009. This series of conferences originated from collaborations between researchers from China and Germany and has evolved into an international conference for reporting advances in parallel processing technologies. APPT 2009 addressed the entire gamut of related topics, ranging from the architectural aspects of parallel computer hardware and system software to the applied technologies for novel applications. For this conference, we received over 76 full submissions from researchers all over the world. All the papers were peer reviewed in depth and qualitatively graded on their relevance, originality, significance, presentation, and the overall appropriateness for their acceptance. Any concerns raised were discussed by the Program Committee. The Organizing Committee did an excellent job in selecting 36 papers for presen- tion. In short, the papers included here represent the forefront of research from China, Switzerland, Germany, and other countries.

THE CONTEXT OF PARALLEL PROCESSING The field of digital computer architecture has grown explosively in the past two decades. Through a steady stream of experimental research, tool-building efforts, and theoretical studies, the design of an instruction-set architecture, once considered an art, has been transformed into one of the most quantitative branches of computer technology. At the same time, better understanding of various forms of concurrency, from standard pipelining to massive parallelism, and invention of architectural structures to support a reasonably efficient and user-friendly programming model for such systems, has allowed hardware performance to continue its exponential growth. This trend is expected to continue in the near future. This explosive growth, linked with the expectation that performance will continue its exponential rise with each new generation of hardware and that (in stark contrast to software) computer hardware will function correctly as soon as it comes off the assembly line, has its down side. It has led to unprecedented hardware complexity and almost intolerable dev- opment costs. The challenge facing current and future computer designers is to institute simplicity where we now have complexity; to use fundamental theories being developed in this area to gain performance and ease-of-use benefits from simpler circuits; to understand the interplay between technological capabilities and limitations, on the one hand, and design decisions based on user and application requirements on the other.

This book focuses on the aspects related to the parallelization of evolutionary computations, such as parallel genetic operators, parallel fitness evaluation, distributed genetic algorithms, and parallel hardware implementations, as well as on their impact on several applications. It offers a wide spectrum of sample works developed in leading research about parallel implementations of efficient techniques at the heart of computational intelligence.

Advances in optical technologies have made it possible to implement optical interconnections in future massively parallel processing systems. Photons are non-charged particles, and do not naturally interact. Consequently, there are many desirable characteristics of optical interconnects, e.g. high speed (speed of light), increased fanout, high bandwidth, high reliability, longer interconnection lengths, low power requirements, and immunity to EMI with reduced crosstalk. Optics can utilize free-space interconnects as well as guided wave technology, neither of which has the problems of VLSI technology mentioned above. Optical interconnections can be built at various levels, providing chip-to-chip, module-to-module, board-to-board, and node-to-node communications. Massively parallel processing using optical interconnections poses new challenges; new system configurations need to be designed, scheduling and data communication schemes based on new resource metrics need to be investigated, algorithms for a wide variety of applications need to be developed under the novel computation models that optical interconnections permit, and so on. Parallel Computing Using Optical Interconnections is a collection of survey articles written by leading and active scientists in the area of parallel computing using optical interconnections. This is the first book which provides current and comprehensive coverage of the field, reflects the state of the art from high-level architecture design and algorithmic points of view, and points out directions for further research and development.

This book is the ?nal outcome of VECPAR 2000 – 4th International Meeting on Vector and Parallel Processing. VECPAR constitutes a series of conferences, which have been organized by the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto since 1993, with the main objective of disseminating new knowledge on parallel computing. Readership of This Book The book is aimed at an audience of researchers and graduate students in a broad range of scienti?c areas, including not only computer science, but also applied mathematics and numerical analysis, physics, and engineering. Book Plan From a total of 66 papers selected on the basis of extended abstracts for p- sentation at the conference, a subset of 34 papers were chosen during a second review process leading to their inclusion in the book, together with the invited talks. The book contains a total of 40 papers organized into 6 chapters, where each may appeal to people in di?erent but still related scienti?c areas. All ch- ters, with the exception of Chapter 6, are initiated by a short text, providing a quick overview of the organization and papers in the chapter. The 13 papers in Chapter 1 cover the aspects related to the use of multiple processors. Operating systems, languages and software tools for scheduling, and code transformation are the topics included in this chapter, initiated by the talk on computing over the Internet, entitled Grid Computing,byIan Foster.

This book constitutes thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the workshops of the 18th International Conference on Parallel Computing, Euro-Par 2012, held in Rhodes Islands, Greece, in August 2012. The papers of these 10 workshops BDMC, CGWS, HeteroPar, HiBB, OMHI, Paraphrase, PROPER, UCHPC, VHPC focus on promotion and advancement of all aspects of parallel and distributed computing.