A comprehensive and authoritative text on the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, for graduate-level students and researchers.

The trace constituent reference models presented here are of trace species in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere which play important roles in controlling the chemistry, radiation budget and circulation patterns of the atmosphere.

Paperback. The global thermosphere-ionosphere-middle atmosphere system is being extensively studied by means of satellites, rockets and ground-based observations. Research includes coupling between the ionized and neutral part of the atmosphere, coupling between high and low latitudes, coupling with the mesosphere and thermosphere as well as between the plasmasphere and the magnetosphere and ionosphere. The developments in this area by means of observations and modelling are presented in the twenty-nine papers contained in this volume.