Porous Silicon for Biomedical Applications, Second Edition, provides an updated guide to the diverse range of biomedical applications of porous silicon, from biosensing and imaging to tissue engineering and cancer therapy. Across biomedical disciplines, there is an ongoing search for biomaterials that are biocompatible, modifiable, structurally sound, and versatile. Porous silicon possesses a range of properties that make it ideal for a variety of biomedical applications, such as controllable geometry, tunable nanoporous structure, large pore volume/high specific surface area, and versatile surface chemistry. This book provides a fully updated and detailed overview of the range of biomedical applications for porous silicon. Part One offers the reader a helpful insight into the fundamentals and beneficial properties of porous silicon, including thermal properties and stabilization, photochemical and nonthermal chemical modification, protein modification, and biocompatibility. The book then builds on the systematic detailing of each biomedical application using porous silicon, from bioimaging and sensing to drug delivery and tissue engineering. This new edition also includes new chapters on in-vivo assessment of porous silicon, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, micro- and nanoneedles, Raman imaging, cancer immunotherapy, and more. With its acclaimed editor and international team of expert contributors, Porous Silicon for Biomedical Applications, Second Edition, is a technical resource and indispensable guide for all those involved in the research, development, and application of porous silicon and other biomaterials, while providing a comprehensive introduction for students and academics interested in this field. - Reviews the fundamental aspects of porous silicon, including the fabrication and unique properties of this useful material. - Discusses a broad selection of biomedical applications, offering a detailed insight into the benefits of porous silicon in both research and clinical settings. - Includes fully updated content from the previous edition, as well as brand new chapters, covering topics such as porous silicon micro- and nanoneedles, and cancer immunotherapy.

Porous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest from various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, chemistry, and biosensing. This nanostructured and biodegradable material has a range of unique properties that make it ideal for many applications. For example, the pores and surface chemistry of the mater

This handbook updates the most fast-moving research areas of porous silicon research, introduces a range of brand new topics not reviewed before and is even more inclusive of worldwide centres of expertise. Rapid advances are being made in porous silicon anodes for lithium batteries, biodegradable nanoparticles and nanoneedles for medical therapy and imaging, energetics and bio-diagnostic techniques. A number of additional characterization and processing techniques are also reviewed for the first time. Experts from 10 additional countries are involved in the 2nd edition: China, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belarus, and Brazil, making more than 40 countries in total. The handbook therefore covers expertise from every continent. Another new feature is a review dedicated to industrial activity. This second edition endeavours to provide the community with a truly comprehensive database and up-to-date commentary on this versatile nanostructured material.

By means of electrochemical treatment, crystalline silicon can be permeated with tiny, nanostructured pores that entirely change the characteristics and properties of the material. One prominent example of this can be seen in the interaction of porous silicon with living cells, which can be totally unwilling to settle on smooth silicon surfaces but readily adhere to porous silicon, giving rise to great hopes for such future applications as programmable drug delivery or advanced, braincontrolled prosthetics. Porous silicon research is active in the fields of sensors, tissue engineering, medical therapeutics and diagnostics, photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, energetic materials, photonics, and MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems). Written by an outstanding, well-recognized expert in the field, this book provides detailed, step-by-step instructions to prepare and characterize the major types of porous silicon. It is intended for those new to the fi eld. Sampling of topics covered: * Principles of Etching Porous Silicon * Etch Cell Construction and Considerations * Photonic Crystals, Microcavities, and Bragg Stacks Etched in Silicon * Preparation of Free-standing Films and Particles of Porous Silicon * Preparation of Photoluminescent Nanoparticles from Porous Silicon * Preparation of Silicon Nanowires by Electrochemical Etch of Silicon * Surface Modifi cation Chemistry and Biochemistry * Measurement of Optical Properties * Measurement of Pore Size, Porosity, Thickness, Surface Area The whole is backed by a generous use of color photographs to illustrate the described procedures in detail, plus a bibliography of further literature pertinent to a wide range of application fi elds. For materials scientists, chemists, physicists, optical physicists, biomaterials scientists, neurobiologists, bioengineers, and graduate students in those fields, as well as those working in the semiconductor industry.

For over 30 years, porous silicon as a material has been leveraged for its usefulness in biomedical and sensing applications. Its tunable structural features, low toxicity profile and readily modifiable surface render this material extremely useful for a wide variety of applications. By chemically modifying surface species, such as silicon hydrides and silicon oxides with silanes, the properties of porous silicon can be enhanced for its use for chemical sensing, biomedical imaging, and drug delivery. After a brief introduction to porous silicon materials, the first part of this dissertation details surface-modified porous silicon photonic crystals for the chemical sensing of toxic vapors and nerve agents. Chapter 2 utilizes a dual-peak porous silicon photonic crystal embedded with specific for the selective detection of hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemical nerve agent diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The pore walls are rendered hydrophobic with octadecylsilane to aid with the loading of the colorimetric molecules while being insensitive to humidity fluctuations. This provides a robust means to develop a remote detection system for chemical agents. Chapter 3 employs the same photonic crystal, modified, however, with a specialized protein-based gatekeeper that is rendered semi-permeable only in the presence of HCN. This is one of the first novel designs of a bio-inorganic sensor capable of detecting chemical agents with high specificity and precision. The second portion of the dissertation describes how surface-modified porous silicon nanoparticles can be applied in biomedical applications. The first project details the use of Anti-KIT protein DNA-aptamers decorated onto a fluorescently labelled porous silicon nanoparticle for the in vitro and in vivo imaging of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. This work provides an effective platform in which aptamer-conjugated porous silicon nanoparticle constructs can be used for the targeted imaging of KIT-expressing cancers. The final project utilizes hydrophobic porous silicon nanoparticles for the delivery of erucamide, a highly hydrophobic fatty acid amide, within the retina. By harnessing the versatility of porous silicon, erucamide's target cells and mechanism of neurotrophic action can be identified.

Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications of Porous Silicon-Based Nanocarriers delivers an up-to-date and complete overview of the range of biomedical applications for porous silicon nanomaterials, with a special emphasis on drug delivery. This book introduces the fundamentals and beneficial properties of porous silicon, including thermal properties and stabilization, photochemical and nonthermal chemical modification, protein modification, and biocompatibility. The book then builds on the systematic detailing of each biomedical application using porous silicon, such as vaccine development, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. It also contains new insights on in-vivo assessment of porous silicon, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, micro- and nanoneedles, cancer immunotherapy, and more. Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications of Porous Silicon-Based Nanocarriers is of interest to researchers in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical science, biomedical engineering, and cancer research.

Porous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest in various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, chemistry, biosensing, and energy. Porous Silicon: Formation and Properties fills a gap in the literature of the field today, providing a thorough introduction to current knowledge of the formation, processin

There is increased interest in porous silicon nanomaterials for biomedical applications due to their biodegradability, their biocompatibility, and their intrinsic photoluminescence. This thesis describes cargo loading chemistry, surface chemistry, molecularly targeted delivery and bioimaging applications using porous silicon nanomaterials. After a brief introduction to porous silicon materials for biomedical applications, Chapter 2 describes a single-step procedure to simultaneously load and protect a model siRNA therapeutic in porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs). Exogenous calcium ions precipitate with locally generated silicic acid to form calcium silicate, which serves to encapsulate the siRNA payload in pSiNPs. The target gene knockdown efficiency in vitro and target tissue accumulation of delivered siRNA in vivo are demonstrated. Chapter 3 presents a facile chemical modification of the surface of the hydroxylated silicon nanostructure. The reaction, a ring-opening heterocyclic silane "click" reaction, is a rapid and efficient means to obtain high surface coverage while preserving the open pore structure and intrinsic photoluminescence of the original silicon nanostructure. This chemistry is sufficiently mild to maintain the activity of payload proteins. Chapter 4 presents the example of pSiNPs as an imaging agent, which are targeted to tumor tissues in vivo using an iRGD peptide targeting probe, and the nanoparticles are imaged by two-photon microscopy. Superior photostability and low systemic toxicity are observed. Chapter 5 discusses enhanced photoacoustic signals that can be obtained from indocyanine green (ICG) when it is encapsulated in pSiNPs. The photoacoustic response from ICG is enhanced 17-fold when it is sealed in pSiNPs. The substantially improved performance is attributed to the low thermal conductivity of pSiNPs and their ability to protect loaded ICG from photolytic degradation.

Porous silicon is rapidly attracting increasing interest from various fields, including optoelectronics, microelectronics, photonics, medicine, sensor and energy technologies, chemistry, and biosensing. This nanostructured and biodegradable material has a range of unique properties that make it ideal for many applications. This book, the third of a

Volume Two describes applications of porous silicon in bioengineering and various sensors such as gas sensors, biosensors, pressure sensors, optical sensors, microwave detectors, mechanical sensors, etc. The chapters in this book present a comprehensive review of the fabrication, parameters, and applications of these devices. PSi-based auxiliary devices such as hot-plates, membranes, matrices for various spectroscopies, and catalysis are discussed as well.