This volume contains two sections: the first one collects the proceedings of the international Workshop on "Preserving Cultural Heritage and National Identities for International Peace and Security" held at the Italian Center for Higher Defence Studies on the 10th and 11th May 2018. The second includes several articles dealing with various topics, which complement the Workshop's proceedings. A general conclusion can be inferred from the Workshop: the mandates of the UN peace operations should be aimed – if necessary – at protecting cultural pluralism as well as cultural and religious identities. Hence, the staff employed should be trained on such a protection and indeed numerous States are already introducing that specific training. Performing such a task has always been of primary importance to the Italian armed forces. This attitude has been usually appreciated, even though some obstacles and difficulties have arisen due to a rather uncooperative attitude of some partner States. Therefore, the protection of cultural and religious pluralism should fully become a shared responsibility in peace operations given its importance as a means of consolidating peace in crisis areas

This book brings together prominent scholars in the fields of international cultural heritage law and heritage studies to scrutinise the various branches of international law and governance dealing with heritage destruction from human rights perspectives, both in times of armed conflict as well as in peace. Importantly, it also examines cases of heritage destruction that may not be intentional, but rather the consequence of large-scale infrastructural development or resource extraction. Chapters deal with high profile cases from Europe, North Africa, The Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, with a substantial afterword on heritage destruction in Ukraine.

The world has been shocked by the destruction of world cultural heritage sites over the past two decades, as seen in widely disseminated videos depicting events such as the demolition of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra. These acts are perhaps the clearest and most glaring examples of what is meant by the ‘Intentional Destruction of the Cultural Heritage of Humankind’ (IDCHH). The book explores in detail the remedies against IDCHH available under international law. These remedies are defined as all the lawful responses provided for both by customary law and by the special responsibility regimes created under the many substantive areas of international law. The examination includes UNESCO instruments and UN measures for the maintenance of international peace, mechanisms for the protection of human rights and those for the protection of investments, and international criminal justice outcomes through the decisions of the Permanent Criminal Court. Thus, the book explores avenues for response such as appeals to international courts, peacekeeping operations and referrals to the criminal legislation of States, in addition to reparations. The concept of the Cultural Heritage of Humankind implies that IDCHH harms all States and all peoples and human groupings in the world, not only the State or people on whose territory the cultural property is located. The book identifies the international law avenues for subjects not directly injured by IDCHH to obtain its cessation and reparation. This book is essential reading for students, academics and practitioners exploring international law and the destruction of cultural heritage.

Conflict over cultural heritage has increasingly become a standard part of war. Today, systematic exploitation, manipulation, attacks, and destruction of cultural heritage by state and non-state actors form part of most violent conflicts across the world. Such acts are often intentional and based on well-planned strategies for inflicting harm on groups of people and communities. With this increasing awareness of the role cultural heritage plays in war, scholars and practitioners have progressed from seeing conflict-related destruction of cultural heritage as a cultural tragedy to understanding it as a vital national security issue. There is also a shift from the desire to protect cultural property for its own sake to viewing its protection as connected to broader agendas of peace and security. Concerns about cultural heritage have thus migrated beyond the cultural sphere to worries about the protection of civilians, the financing of terrorism, societal resilience, post-conflict reconciliation, hybrid warfare, and the geopolitics of territorial conflicts. This volume seeks to deepen public understanding of the evolving nexus between cultural heritage and security in the twenty-first century. Drawing on a variety of disciplines and perspectives, the chapters in this volume examine a complex set of relationships between the deliberate destruction and misuse of cultural heritage in times of conflict, on the one hand, and basic societal values, legal principles, and national security, on the other.

The ITLOS Yearbook 2022 provides information on the composition and organization of the Tribunal and reports on its judicial activities in 2022, in particular concerning Cases Nos. 28, 30 and 31. The Yearbook is prepared by the Registry of the Tribunal. Le TIDM Annuaire 2022 fournit des informations sur la composition et l’organisation du Tribunal et rend compte des activités judiciaires de celui-ci au cours de l’année 2022, en particulier en ce qui concerne les affaires Nos. 28, 30 et 31. L’Annuaire est préparé par le Greffe du Tribunal.

The Yearbook provides information on the composition, jurisdiction, procedure and organization of the Tribunal and about its judicial activities in 2021. L'Annuaire fournit des informations sur la composition, la compétence, la procédure et l’organisation du Tribunal, ainsi que sur les activités judiciaires de celui-ci en 2021.

The ITLOS Yearbook 2020 provides information on the composition, jurisdiction, procedure and organization of the Tribunal and reports on its judicial activities in 2020, in particular concerning Case No. 28. The Yearbook is prepared by the Registry of the Tribunal. Le TIDM Annuaire 2020 fournit des informations essentielles concernant la composition, la compétence, la procédure et l’organisation du Tribunal. Il donne également un aperçu des activités judiciaires du Tribunal au cours de l’année 2020, en particulier en ce qui concerne l’affaire no. 28. L’Annuaire est rédigé par le Greffe du Tribunal.

"Cultural heritage has become increasingly "conflict prone". Today, systematic exploitation, manipulation, attacks, and destruction of cultural heritage by states and non-state actors form part of most violent conflicts across the world. Such acts are often intentional and based on well-planned strategies for inflicting harm on groups of people and communities. We have therefore progressed from seeing conflict-related destruction of cultural heritage just as a "cultural tragedy" to understanding it also as a "security issue." It is a shift from protecting cultural property from the harms of war for the sake of cultural property itself to viewing it as intricately connected to the broader peace and security agenda. Concerns about cultural heritage have migrated beyond the cultural sphere to sectors dealing with peace and security and dovetails with issue such the protection of civilians, the financing of terrorism, societal resilience, post-conflict reconciliation, hybrid warfare, and the geopolitics of territorial conflicts. This volume seeks to deepen our understanding of this evolving nexus between cultural heritage and security in the twenty-first century. It offers a collection of chapters that aims to open new horizons for thinking about the relationship between cultural heritage, security, and international law. Coming from a variety of disciplines and perspectives, the chapters examine a complicated set of relationships between, on the one hand, deliberate violence to cultural heritage in times of conflict, and, on the other, basic societal values, legal principles, protection, and security concerns"--