This work presents the application of the Monte Carlo Simulation method and the Decision Tree Analysis approach when dealing with the economic valuation of projects which are subjected to risks and uncertainties. The Net Present Value of a project is usually used as an investment decision parameter. Using deterministic models to calculate a project’s Net Present Value neglects the risky and uncertain nature of real life projects and consequently leads to useless valuation results. Realistic valuation models need to use probability density distributions for the input parameters and certain probabilities for the occurrence of specific events during the life time of a project in combination with the Monte Carlo Simulation method and the Decision Tree Analysis approach. After a short introduction a brief explanation of the traditional project valuation methods is given. The main focus of this work lies in using the Net Present Value method as a basic valuation tool in conjunction with the Monte Carlo Simulation technique and the Decision Tree Analysis approach to form a comprehensive method for project valuation under risk and uncertainty. The extensive project valuation methodology introduced is applied on two fictional projects, one from the pharmaceutical sector and one from the oil and gas exploration and production industry. Both industries deal with high risks, high uncertainties and high costs, but also high rewards. The example from the pharmaceutical industry illustrates very well how the application of the Monte Carlo Simulation and Decision Tree Analysis method, results in a well-diversified portfolio of new drugs with the highest reward at minimum possible risk. Applying the presented probabilistic project valuation approach on the oil exploration and production project shows how to reduce the risk of losing big.

The productivity in pharmaceutical research and development faces intense pres sure. R&D expenditures of the major US and European companies have topped US$ 33 billion in 2003 compared to around US$ 13 billion just a decade ago. At the same time, the number of new drug approvals has dropped from 53 in 1996 to only 35 in 2003. Moreover, the protraction of clinical trials has significantly reduced the effective time of patent protection. The consequences are devastating. Monopoly profits have started to decline and the average costs per new drug have reached a re cord level of close to US$ 1 billion today. As a result, any failure of a new sub stance in the R&D process can lead to considerable losses, and the risks of introduc ing a new drug to the market have grown tremendously. Particularly if a company is highly dependent on just a handful of mega-selling blockbuster drugs, the risks can be even greater. For example, Pfizer generated about 90% of its worldwide revenues in 2002 with just 8 products. Any shortfall of a promising late-stage drug candidate would have left Pfizer with a gaping hole in its product portfolio. In order to deal with these risks, many pharmaceutical companies have started to organize their R&D in partnership. In fact, more than 600 alliances in pharmaceutical R&D are signed every year.

With flair and an originality of approach, Crundwell brings his considerable experience to bear on this crucial topic. Uniquely, this book discusses the technical and financial aspects of decision-making in engineering and demonstrates these through case studies. It’s a hugely important matter as, of course, engineering solutions and financial decisions are intimately tied together. The best engineers combine the technical and financial cases in determining new solutions to opportunities, challenges and problems. To get your project approved, no matter the size of it, the financial case must be clear and compelling. This book provides a framework for engineers and scientists to undertake financial evaluations and assessments of engineering or production projects.

This is an update and expansion upon PMI's popular reference, The Practice Standard for Project Risk Management. Risk Management addresses the fact that certain events or conditions may occur with impacts on project, program, and portfolio objectives. This standard will: identify the core principles for risk management; describe the fundamentals of risk management and the environment within which it is carried out; define the risk management life cycle; and apply risk management principles to the portfolio, program, and project domains within the context of an enterprise risk management approach It is primarily written for portfolio, program, and project managers, but is a useful tool for leaders and business consumers of risk management, and other stakeholders.

This book describes principles, quantitative methods and techniques for financing, planning, and managing projects to develop a variety of constructed facilities in the fields of oil & gas, power, infrastructure, architecture and the commercial building industries. It is addressed to a broad range of professionals willing to improve their project management skills and designed to help newcomers to the engineering and construction industry understand how to apply project management to field practice. Also, it makes project management disciplines accessible to experts in technical areas of engineering and construction. In education, this text is suitable for undergraduate and graduate classes in architecture, engineering and construction management, as well as for specialist and professional courses in project management.

In a world of ever increasing talent and ever more rapid creation of new knowledge, and in a world that is growing in complexity by the day, it is truly intriguing to learn of capabilities for success and failure in rapid innovation-based industries. The fusion of academic concepts and empirical insights make this book a source of inspiration for inquiring managers. Norbert Walter, Chief Economist of Deutsche Bank and CEO of Deutsche Bank Research, Germany This volume represents a most welcome and important contribution to the emergent and fast-growing dynamic capabilities view (DCV) of the firm and sustainable competitive advantage. It simultaneously helps to assess critically, integrate with a wide range of other perspectives, broaden the scope, and deepen the conceptual foundations of the DCV. In addition and importantly, it links DCV to, and contrasts it with, managerial practice. The authors dispassionate approach is a further plus. The editors have done an excellent job and should be congratulated for this work that should be a must-read. Christos Pitelis, Reader in International Business and Competitiveness, University of Cambridge, UK This path-breaking book provides unique insights into the organisational realities of strategic reconfigurations in uncertain markets, thus advancing the dynamic capability perspective. Dynamic capabilities continue to excite academics. It is a perspective that promises explanations of competitive advantage, but its full potential remains somewhat hidden behind abstract notions. This eloquent volume seeks to overcome the challenge by combining the theory and practice of organisational resource configurations. Joint contributions by expert academics and business executives demystify, but also confirm, elements of the theory. Thus, the book integrates dynamic capabilities with organisational realities as well as with adjacent theories of strategic innovation and entrepreneurship. Strategic Reconfigurations provides a guide to strategic management in turbulent times, for students, researchers, and professionals alike. Business executives in high-velocity markets will find the book invaluable.

Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Portfolio Management in a Changing Global Environment explores some of the critical forces at work today in the complex endeavour of pharmaceutical and medical product development. Written by experienced professionals, and including real-world approaches and best practice examples, this new title addresses three key areas – small molecules, large molecules, and medical devices - and provides hard-to-find, consolidated information relevant to and needed by pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device company managers.

Blockchain technology allows value exchange without the need for a central authority and ensures trust powered by its decentralized architecture. As such, the growing use of the internet of things (IoT) and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) are to be benefited immensely by this technology that can offer devices and applications data security, decentralization, accountability, and reliable authentication. Bringing together blockchain technology, AI, and IoT can allow these tools to complement the strengths and weaknesses of the others and make systems more efficient. Multidisciplinary Functions of Blockchain Technology in AI and IoT Applications deliberates upon prospects of blockchain technology using AI and IoT devices in various application domains. This book contains a comprehensive collection of chapters on machine learning, IoT, and AI in areas that include security issues of IoT, farming, supply chain management, predictive analytics, and natural languages processing. While highlighting these areas, the book is ideally intended for IT industry professionals, students of computer science and software engineering, computer scientists, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, and academicians interested in updated and advanced research surrounding the functions of blockchain technology in AI and IoT applications across diverse fields of research.

Some of Schuyler's tried-and-true tips include: - The single-point estimate is almost always wrong, so that it is always better to express judgments as ranges. A probability distribution completely expresses someone's judgment about the likelihood of values within the range.- We often need a single-value cost or other assessment, and the expected value (mean) of the distribution is the only unbiased predictor. Expected value is the probability-weighted average, and this statistical idea is the cornerstone of decision analysis.- Some decisions are easy, perhaps aided by quick decision tree calculations on the back of an envelope. Decision dilemmas typically involve risky outcomes, many factors, and the best alternatives having comparable value. We only need analysis sufficient to confidently identify the best alternative. As soon as you know what to do, stop the analysis!- Be alert to ways to beneficially change project risks. We can often eliminate, avoid, transfer, or mitigate threats in some way. Get to know the people who make their living helping managers sidestep risk. They include insurance agents, partners, turnkey contractors, accountants, trainers, and safety personnel.

This book adopts an enhanced business-oriented methodology for teaching and learning financial management. Aimed at fostering an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the subject, it takes a holistic approach that melds theory with practical applications to real-world scenarios. The structure of this book is meticulously designed to elaborate on the diverse principles and techniques of financial management. Upon completion, readers will be equipped to scrutinize the annual reports of various companies and analyze the information more effectively. This book is designed for individuals seeking to understand financial management's core principles and theories. Primarily, it is tailored for postgraduate students enrolled in business schools. Additionally, undergraduate students pursuing B.Com. (Hons.), B.Com. (Prog.), and B.A. (Prog.) from various universities and professional institutes will also find this book beneficial. The Present Publication is the 9th Edition, authored by Ravi M. Kishore and Prof. (Dr) Padma Sai Arora, with the following noteworthy features: • [Principles and Techniques of Financial Management] are explained in a detailed manner • [Easy-to-understand Style] has been followed throughout the book to explain the concepts in detail • [Extensive Descriptive Explanations] are presented in this book, followed by figures and diagrams • [Cases to Prepare the Base for Financial Principles and Concepts] is included in each of the six parts • [Case Studies] at the end of each chapter is easy to relate to and has been prepared to make way for discussions • [Solved Miscellaneous Illustrations] are given for better understanding • [Practice Questions] Readers can test their knowledge after going through each chapter by solving practice questions • [Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)] have also been incorporated to help prepare for quiz/assignment • [Learning in line with Industry Trends] has been incorporated in this book by giving annual reports of different companies The chapter-wise schematics of the book are as follows: • Learning Outcomes • Case Study • Concepts • Keywords • Summary • Miscellaneous Illustrations • Review Questions o True or False o Choose the Correct Word o Choose the Correct Answer o Discussion Questions • Practical Exercises • Case Study The detailed contents of the book are as follows: • Essentials of Financial Management o Financial Management – An Overview o Basic Valuation Concepts – Time Value of Money, Interest Rates, Valuation of Bonds and Risk-Return Analysis o Strategic Financial Planning • Analysis of Financial Position o Analysis of Financial Statements o State of Changes in Financial Position – Fund Flow Analysis o Financial Statement Analysis using Cash Flow Analysis o Financial Statement Analysis using Ratio Analysis o Financial Statement Analysis using Economic Value Added o Financial Statement Analysis using Financial and Operating Ratios • Investment Decision o Capital Budgeting o Risk Evaluation in Capital Budgeting • Financing Decisions o Cost of Capital and Impact on Firm's Earnings Per Share (EPS) o Capital Structure Theories and Value of Firm • Dividend Decisions o Dividend Theories and Value of Firm • Working Capital Management o Basics of Working Capital o Estimating Working Capital o Inventory Management o Receivables Management o Cash Management