There are a number of books in the market about wind energy, turbine controllers, modelling and different aspects of integration of Wind Farm Power Plants ( WPP) to grids. But none of these books meets the expectations of design and field engineers/technicians to address directly the setting and design philosophy of different Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) of WPP networks. This book provides practical applications of numerical relays for protection and control of different parts of onshore & offshore WPP network namely wind turbine generator, collector feeder and EHV interconnection transmission line to grid. In addition required changes to existing special protection system (SPS) and run-back scheme by adding a new WPP are discussed. The topology and characteristics of WPP networks are different from convectional one for both onshore and offshore WPP. In addition the fault current contribution from wind farm generators are low (1.1-1.2 pu). These causes significant challenge for setting and design of IEDs of WPP in order to meet the common industry practice requirement with respect to reliability, sensitivity, stability, security and grading coordination. The author believes that this book may be unique with respect to addressing these challenges and provision of the mitigation techniques to rectify the deficiencies of existing industry practice which otherwise have not been discussed for real systems in any other book. The content of this book have been successfully applied in the field for various WPPs projects and consequently can be used as a practical guideline for implementation for future projects. The content of the book covers Principal of Operation of WPP , Modelling of different com ponents of WPP, Short Circuit current and voltage characteristics of different type of wind turbine generators, Setting and Design of Protection systems of WPP Network , Design of Control systems of WPP, Lightening and Overvoltage Protection of WPP and Analysis of Disturbance on the WPP networks

A reliable and secure protection and control system is a paramount requirement for any electrical network. This book discusses protection and control schemes of various parts of Solar Power Plants (SPP) namely solar generator, inverter, and SPP network connected to the grid. For this purpose small, medium, and large size of solar power energy sources have been considered. This includes residential, commercial buildings and large power plants. There are significant literature about solar energy, modeling and different aspects of integration of SPP to grids. But there is no book to address directly the setting/design of protection and control schemes, testing techniques and fault findings of solar generators and its networks. The topology and characteristics of solar generators and their networks are different from conventional ones. This has caused the following issues: - Conventional protection & control scheme may fail to detect different type of faults which may occur on solar cells/panels/arrays, DC cables, and inverters. This necessitated the requirement of special schemes for the detection of faults in blind spots, - Fault findings required tests, and testing equipment for solar generators are different from conventional ones, - The fault current contribution from solar generators is low (1.1-1.2 pu) as compared to conventional ones. The above problems have caused significant challenges for appropriate setting and design of protection & control scheme of SPP network which in some cases have resulted to several major plants shut down, safety risks and fire incidents. This book discusses the above challenges and proposes mitigation techniques to rectify the deficiencies of existing industry practices for the protection and control systems of solar generators. Most of the content of this book has been observed or successfully applied in the field for various SPPs projects worldwide and consequently can be used or considered as a practical guideline for future projects. Main Objectives of the Book The main objectives of the book are: - To familiarize engineers, technical officers, testers, and project managers with required power system protection and control schemes of solar power plants (SPP). - To provide a guideline for preparation of standards, technical specification, business case, functional scope, test, and commissioning plan as applicable to the installation of new SPP; - To provide adequate information to electricity companies, consultants, contractors, relay manufacturers,s and SPP owners about the requirement of protection and control systems of SPP. Acknowledgment The author wishes to acknowledge that the contents of this book are based on utilizing the following resources: 1) Extensive research of the author for design, specifications, and commissioning of SPPs 2) Experiences of other individuals, electricity companies, and consultants Disclaimer The author is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, up-to-dateness, or quality of the information provided. The author is therefore not liable for any claims regarding damage caused by the use of any information provided. The information in the book should only be used as a guideline and may not be suitable for a specific case. Copyright The material made available is intended for the customer’s personal use only. Author reserves all rights to the book. Therefore the book can not be reproduced or replicated or processed or distributed without the author’s written permission.

This edited book analyses and discusses the current issues of integration of wind energy systems in the power systems. It collects recent studies in the area, focusing on numerous issues including unbalanced grid voltages, low-voltage ride-through and voltage stability of the grid. It also explores the impact of the emerging technologies of wind turbines and power converters in the integration of wind power systems in power systems. This book utilizes the editors’ expertise in the energy sector to provide a comprehensive text that will be of interest to researchers, graduate students and industry professionals.

This Special Issue is a collection of twelve papers on the design and application of biomedical circuits and systems. We hope you enjoy reading this Special Issue and become inspired to address technological challenges toward helping the medical industry and biologists to increase the quality of life for humans, which is the main objective. Several topics have been highlighted: muscle electrostimulation, analog front-end (AFE) circuits, waveform generators, real-time velocimetry estimators, interference suppression, bio-signal encryption, IoT electronic nose, ultrasound image processing, noise in medical imaging, elbow actuators, and aids for visually impaired people. We are conscious about the very wide scope of biomedical circuits and systems applications, and that our contribution represents only a grain of sand, though we expect to be useful in contributing to the progress of knowledge in the field.

Part Of The Art And Science Of Wind Power Series The Wind Energy Industry Is A Key Player In The Booming Alternative Energy Market, And Job Opportunities Abound In This Rapidly-Growing Field. Wind Turbine Control Systems Provides Critical Resources For Experienced And Novice Learners Alike. The Text Provides An In-Depth Survey Of Wind Turbine Control Systems. It Covers Key Wind-Energy Control Strategies And Offers A Comprehensive Overview Of The Ways In Which Wind Is Generated, Converted, And Controlled. About The Series According To Estimates From The American Wind Energy Association, Approximately 85,000 Americans Are Employed In The Rapidly Expanding Wind Energy Industry. The Art And Science Of Wind Power Series Was Developed To Address A Critical Gap In Educational Resources Directed Toward The Development Of Skilled Workers In This Industry. Each Title Uses A Systems-Based Perspective To Provide Students With The Resources To Develop Creative Solutions To Challenges As Well As Systems-Based Critical Thinking Skills. No Other Series As Comprehensively Addresses Key Issues For Novice And Expert Learners Alike.

This book is a compilation of selected papers from the Sixth International Symposium on Software Reliability, Industrial Safety, Cyber Security and Physical Protection of Nuclear Power Plant, held in October 2021 in Zhuji, Zhejiang, China. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss Inspection, test, certification and research for the software and hardware of Instrument and Control (I&C) systems in nuclear power plants (NPP), such as sensors, actuators and control system. It aims to provide a platform of technical exchange and experience sharing for those broad masses of experts and scholars and nuclear power practitioners, and for the combination of production, teaching and research in universities and enterprises to promote the safe development of nuclear power plant. Readers will find a wealth of valuable insights into achieving safer and more efficient instrumentation and control systems.

WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED Authoritative and bestselling textbook detailing the many aspects of using wind as an energy source Wind Energy Explained provides complete and comprehensive coverage on the topic of wind energy, starting with general concepts like the history of and rationale for wind energy and continuing into specific technological components and applications along with the new recent developments in the field. Divided into 16 chapters, this edition includes up-to-date data, diagrams, and illustrations, boasting an impressive 35% new material including new sections on metocean design conditions, wind turbine design, wind power plants and the electrical system, fixed and floating offshore wind turbines, project development, permitting and environmental risks and benefits, turbine installation, operation and maintenance, and high penetration wind energy systems and power-to-X. Wind Energy Explained also includes information on: Modern wind turbines, covering the design and their many components such as the rotor, drive train, and generator Aerodynamics of wind energy, covering one-dimensional momentum theory, the Betz limit, and ideal horizontal axis wind turbine with wake rotation Environmental external design conditions, such as wind, waves, currents, tides, salinity, floating ice, and many more Commonly used materials and components, such as steel, composites, copper, and concrete, plus machinery elements, such as shafts, couplings, bearings, and gears Modern design methods, including probabilistic design Environmental effects and mitigation strategies for wind project siting and the role of public engagement in the development process This book offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and is a great introduction to this cross-disciplinary field for practicing engineers. It may also be used as a textbook resource for university level courses in wind energy, both introductory and advanced.

In the recent years the electrical power utilities have undergone rapid restructuring process worldwide. Indeed, with deregulation, advancement in technologies and concern about the environmental impacts, competition is particularly fostered in the generation side, thus allowing increased interconnection of generating units to the utility networks. These generating sources are called distributed generators (DG) and defined as the plant which is directly connected to distribution network and is not centrally planned and dispatched. These are also called embedded or dispersed generation units. The rating of the DG systems can vary between few kW to as high as 100 MW. Various new types of distributed generator systems, such as microturbines and fuel cells in addition to the more traditional solar and wind power are creating significant new opportunities for the integration of diverse DG systems to the utility. Interconnection of these generators will offer a number of benefits such as improved reliability, power quality, efficiency, alleviation of system constraints along with the environmental benefits. Unlike centralized power plants, the DG units are directly connected to the distribution system; most often at the customer end. The existing distribution networks are designed and operated in radial configuration with unidirectional power flow from centralized generating station to customers. The increase in interconnection of DG to utility networks can lead to reverse power flow violating fundamental assumption in their design. This creates complexity in operation and control of existing distribution networks and offers many technical challenges for successful introduction of DG systems. Some of the technical issues are islanding of DG, voltage regulation, protection and stability of the network. Some of the solutions to these problems include designing standard interface control for individual DG systems by taking care of their diverse characteristics, finding new ways to/or install and control these DG systems and finding new design for distribution system. DG has much potential to improve distribution system performance. The use of DG strongly contributes to a clean, reliable and cost effective energy for future. This book deals with several aspects of the DG systems such as benefits, issues, technology interconnected operation, performance studies, planning and design. Several authors have contributed to this book aiming to benefit students, researchers, academics, policy makers and professionals. We are indebted to all the people who either directly or indirectly contributed towards the publication of this book.

WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS is an increasingly important means of generating electricity. WES is a clean, cost-effective and renewable energy source. It is a well-developed technology and suitable for generation of electricity in remote areas. This book presents a comprehensive account of technology, case studies and international status.