This book examines the relationship between International Environmental Law and Human Rights Law regarding the protection of the environment in times of occupation. Times of occupation create a tangible threat to the environment, alongside human, animal, and plant rights. This book uses international law to grapple with unprecedented environmental challenges, from water, air and soil pollution and severe damage to natural resources to the complexities of regulating emerging environmental challenges during extraordinary situations. Using international case studies alongside the prominent and evolving role of international law agreements, in particular Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the legal tools available to navigate environmental challenges under occupation. The book also discusses occupying power obligations under public international law and the demands of protecting the environment in occupied territory. The book provides a valuable resource for researchers in the field of environmental law, human rights law, and humanitarian law.

Raises the novel legal question of animals during warfare, highlighting deficiencies in current practice and suggesting new readings and reforms.

In 1996, the International Court of Justice delivered an Advisory Opinion on the legality of the use of nuclear weapons in which the Court stated that "while the existing international law relating to the protection and safeguarding of the environment does not specifically prohibit the use of nuclear weapons it indicates important environmental factors that are properly to be taken into account in the context of the implementation of the principles and rules of the law applicable in armed conflict." The present work analyses this conclusion, focusing on the question whether or not the use of nuclear weapons during international armed conflict would violate existing norms of public international law relating to the protection and safeguarding of the environment. Although the use of weaponry during armed conflict is usually related to the protection of individuals, the rapidly emerging appreciation of, and the worldwide realization of the intrinsic value of, the natural environment as an indispensable asset for the continuation of life, including human life, on this planet, both for present and future generations, warrants a thorough and extensive examination of the question of the (il)legality of the employment of nuclear weapons from the point of view of international environmental protection law. The book consists of two parts. Part I discusses the historical development and the effects of nuclear weapons; Part II discusses the protection of the environment during international armed conflict under ius in bello, ius ad bellum and ius pacis. Only then is it possible to assess the legality of the use of nuclear weapons under this particular set of rules.

This timely study examines how the environmental impact of modern warfare violates fundamental principles of international environmental and humanitarian laws and why these consideration need to be included in rules of armed conflict. If direct attacks on innocent civilians are universally recognized as unacceptable then environ-mental devastation of their habitat by acts of war must also be recognized as an unacceptable consequence of armed conflict. The author presents the case that the international community understand its responsibility to curb environ-mental consequences of modern weaponry and incorporate environmental concerns into the conventions regulating armed conflict. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint.

This Handbook provides a black letter text of international humanitarian law, along with case analysis and commentary by a team of internationally renowned experts. It also highlights the interplay of international humanitarian law with human rights law, and other branches of international law.

Armed non-state actors (ANSAs) often have economic aims that international law needs to respond to. This book looks at the aim of Islamic State to create an effective government, with an economically independent regime, which focused on key oilfields in Syria and Iraq. Having addressed Islamic State's quest for energy resources in Iraq and Syria, the book explores the lawfulness of the war with Islamic State from a variety of legal aspects. It has been attempted to make inroads into the most controversial aspects of contradictions in the application of jus ad bellum and jus in bello, particularly when discussing the use of extraterritorial armed force against ANSAs, and the obligation to protect civilian objects, including the natural environment. The question is whether the targeting of energy resources should be regarded as a violation of the laws of armed conflict, even though the war with Islamic State being classified as a non-international armed conflict. Ambitious in scope, the study argues that legal theory and state practice are still problematic as to how and under what conditions states can justify resorting to military force in foreign territory, and to what extent they can target natural resources as being part of state property. Furthermore, it goes on to examine the differences between international and non-international armed conflicts, to establish whether there is any difference in the targeting of energy resources as part of the war-sustaining capabilities of either party. Through an examination of the Islamic State case, the book offers a comprehensive study to close the gaps in jus in bello by contextualising the questions of civilian protection, victimisation and state responsibility by evaluating the US's war-sustaining theory as a justification for the destruction of a territorial state's natural resources that are occupied by ANSAs.

This volume arose from a desire to advance academic discourse and reflection on the broader subject of prolonged occupation, in light of the permanent character, and resulting implications of, the 55 year Israeli administration of the Palestinian Territories. The roots of the volume lie in a 2018 academic conference on "The Threshold from Occupation to Annexation". The present volume moves that discussion forward, updating and widening the range of topics addressed. The result is a collection of thought-provoking contributions by a wide range of scholars on the challenging and critical issue of prolonged occupation and international law, ranging from colonialism, apartheid, the illegality of occupation and potential international criminal liability. "This volume reminds us forcefully that international law is alive and vibrant and can, with imagination and in concert with social movements, move us forward in the struggle for justice in Palestine, and elsewhere. It is a signal achievement." George Bisharat, The Honorable Raymond L. Sullivan Professor of Law, University of California Hastings College of the Law. "Into today's "deepening environment of political inertia" (co-editor Nada Kiswanson) comes this searing collection of essays examining international legal frameworks and legal responsibilities closely and tangibly informed by the painful realities of Palestinian life under prolonged Israeli occupation. The editors, authors, convenors and everyone else involved are to be congratulated on producing a volume that will surely become a seminal resource for anyone serious about studying what Palestine has to teach us about international law." Lynn Welchman, Professor, School of Law, SOAS University of London. "Scholarly and comprehensive, this impressive collection of essays by renowned experts...offers a tour d'horizon of the fundamental legal issues raised by Israel's prolonged occupation of Palestine as well as potential remedies that can confront the illegalities." William A. Schabas, Professor of International Law, School of Law, Middlesex University.

Intended as a resource for those who have responsibilities to safeguard workers' health and safety, especially in developing countries. Covers the fields of toxicology, occupational hygiene, occupational cancer, occupational diseases of agricultural workers, occupational safety, psycho- social problems and institutions and organizations active in the field of occupational health and safety.

How can international human rights standards - in the civil and political sphere and in respect of economic, social and cultural rights - provide clear guidance for political change? This collection offers the reader an exposition and critical analysis of the agreements between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation from the perspective of international human rights law. Covered topics include - the relevance and influence of international law on the peace-making process, - the strengths and weaknesses of the agreements and the extent to which they lay the foundation for the realization of Palestinian self-determination and the development of a democratic and civil society, - the status and obligations of both the State of Israel and the emerging Palestinian Authority in respect of the Occupied Territories, and - the continuing role of international actors and non-governmental organisations in promoting respect for human rights during a period of dramatic transition. The position of Palestinian women and the operation of international human rights standards as mechanisms for political change receive particular attention. Scholars concerned with the Middle East and anyone interested in the promotion and protection of human rights in post-conflict situations will appreciate this unique and challenging collection.

The environment suffers enormously during armed conflicts and, despite the increasing awareness of the pressing need to protect the planet, devastating environmental damage can occur legally at times of war. This book suggests that – apart from the protection offered under law of armed conflict – environmental treaties or multilateral agreements (MEAs) can complement and strengthen environmental protection when war occurs. Previous research has focused on the protection offered under the law of armed conflict (in particular international humanitarian law) and customary international environmental law concerning wartime environmental damage, or whether environmental treaties remain applicable at times of armed conflict. This book, however, is the first in-depth scholarly examination of how environmental treaties can apply in wartime and how they can contribute to the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. It also offers an updated study of environmental protection under the law of armed conflict, including the latest developments in the International Law Commission's work on this underexplored topic.