This book is the second volume in the series New Era Electronics, a compilation of lecture notes defining the important concepts tied to the electronics transition happening in the 21st century. Quantum communication is introduced in this volume through the coverage of relevant, basic concepts of quantum mechanics and the introduction of quantum elements of a quantum optical communication system. Also included is a quantum description of electromagnetic fields and its interaction with atoms to generate, store, measure and control quantum optical information encoded onto optical fields.By taking a conceptual and less mathematical approach to quantum optics and quantum information, this book becomes accessible to broader audiences and engineers working actively in the technical field. The reader is only required to have a basic understanding of undergraduate linear algebra.

The book provides an overview of the most advanced quantum informational geometric techniques, which can help quantum communication theorists analyze quantum channels, such as security or additivity properties. Each section addresses an area of major research of quantum information theory and quantum communication networks. The authors present the fundamental theoretical results of quantum information theory, while also presenting the details of advanced quantum ccommunication protocols with clear mathematical and information theoretical background. This book bridges the gap between quantum physics, quantum information theory, and practical engineering.

This book is the third volume in the New Era Electronics lecture notes series, a compilation of volumes defining the important concepts tied to the electronics transition happening in the 21st century.The material is adapted from a unique course that connects three diverse fields — statistical mechanics, neural networks and quantum computing — using the unifying concept of a state-space with 2N dimensions defined by N binary bits. First, the seminal concepts of statistical mechanics, developed to describe natural interacting systems, are described. Then, these concepts are connected to engineered interacting systems like Boltzmann Machines (BM), which are cleverly designed to solve problems in machine learning. Finally, we connect to engineered quantum systems, stressing the key role of quantum interference in distinguishing them from classical systems like BM.Assuming only a basic background in differential equations and linear algebra, this book is accessible to broader audiences across its described topics, including students in physics, engineering and computing, as well as professionals working actively in the technical fields looking for a primer to unconventional computing.

This thesis examines the unique properties of gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers for optical communication networks, introducing readers to their fundamentals, basic parameters and manifold applications. The static and dynamic properties of these amplifiers are discussed extensively in comparison to conventional, non quantum-dot based amplifiers, and their unique advantages are elaborated on, such as the fast carrier dynamics and the decoupling of gain and phase dynamics. In addition to diverse amplification scenarios involving single and multiple high symbol rate amplitude and phase-coded data signals, wide-range wavelength conversion as a key functionality for optical signal processing is investigated and discussed in detail. Furthermore, two novel device concepts are developed and demonstrated that have the potential to significantly simplify network architectures, reducing the investment and maintenance costs as well as the energy consumption of future networks.

The Internet revolution. Once, the public was delighted with 14.4 modem access and fascinated by low-tech Web site content. But not for long. Technology has raced to keep up with users' calls for high-speed facilities and advanced applications. With the development of high-speed transmission media and the availability of high-speed hardware, we are

The rapid growth in communications and internet has changed our way of life, and our requirement for communication bandwidth. Optical networks can enable us to meet the continued demands for this bandwidth, although conventional optical networks struggle in achieving this, due to the limitation of the electrical bandwidth barrier. Flexgrid technology is a promising solution for future high-speed network design. To promote an efficient and scalable implementation of elastic optical technology in the telecommunications infrastructure, many challenging issues related to routing and spectrum allocation (RSA), resource utilization, fault management and quality of service provisioning must be addressed. This book reviews the development of elastic optical networks (EONs), and addresses RSA problems with spectrum fragment issues, which degrade the quality of service provisioning. The book starts with a brief introduction to optical fiber transmission system, and then provides an overview of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and WDM optical networks. It discusses the limitations of conventional WDM optical networks, and discusses how EONs overcome these limitations. It presents the architecture of the EONs and its operation principle. To complete the discussion of network architecture, this book focuses on the different node architectures, and compares their performance in terms of scalability and flexibility. It reviews and classifies different RSA approaches, including their pros and cons. It focuses on different aspects related to RSA. The spectrum fragmentation is a serious issue in EONs, which needs to be managed. The book explains the fragmentation problem in EONs, discusses, and analyzes the major conventional spectrum allocation policies in terms of the fragmentation effect in a network. The taxonomies of the fragmentation management approaches are presented along with different node architectures. State-of-the-art fragmentation management approaches are looked at. A useful feature of this book is that it provides mathematical modeling and analyzes theoretical computational complexity for different problems in elastic optical networks. Finally, this book addresses the research challenges and open issues in EONs and provides future directions for future research.

The concept of quantum computing is based on two fundamental principles of quantum mechanics: superposition and entanglement. Instead of using bits, qubits are used in quantum computing, which is a key indicator in the high level of safety and security this type of cryptography ensures. If interfered with or eavesdropped in, qubits will delete or refuse to send, which keeps the information safe. This is vital in the current era where sensitive and important personal information can be digitally shared online. In computer networks, a large amount of data is transferred worldwide daily, including anything from military plans to a country’s sensitive information, and data breaches can be disastrous. This is where quantum cryptography comes into play. By not being dependent on computational power, it can easily replace classical cryptography. Limitations and Future Applications of Quantum Cryptography is a critical reference that provides knowledge on the basics of IoT infrastructure using quantum cryptography, the differences between classical and quantum cryptography, and the future aspects and developments in this field. The chapters cover themes that span from the usage of quantum cryptography in healthcare, to forensics, and more. While highlighting topics such as 5G networks, image processing, algorithms, and quantum machine learning, this book is ideally intended for security professionals, IoT developers, computer scientists, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the most recent research on quantum computing.

The book covers a variety of feasible technology options, both wired and wireless, to enable 6G connectivity in rural and remote regions. Along with the enabling technology options, the book also covers important aspects such as human-computer interaction, business models for the local operator ecosystem, regulatory and right-of-way policies, security and privacy, and future challenges related to technology migration, urbanization, and scalability. A special feature of this book is that it covers both the optical and wireless technology aspects to realize 6G connectivity, which will be of interest to a broad range of researchers and practitioners. Detailed figures have been included in the book to cover both the fiber-optics and wireless aspects. These figures include telecommunication equipment and networks ranging from a locality to the under-sea cables to high latitude platforms. The book has simple explanations, pictorial representations, minimal math, and conversational language, which will enable all the readers to grasp it, thereby helping them in decision making and performing comprehensive analysis. This book includes the needs of the unconnected and under-connected sections of the society, notably from the rural and remote areas, when the 6G standards are being discussed and developed. This feature will help overcome the challenge of widening the digital divide from every new generation of mobile network standards. Hence, the book covers all technical and non-technical aspects to be of interest to researchers, decision-makers, academia, social workers, and the readers in technology, growth, and empowerment.

This book focuses on recent research and developments on optical communications. The chapters present different aspects of optical communication systems, comprising high capacity transmission over long distances, coherent and intensity modulated technologies, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, ultrafast switching techniques, and photonic integrated devices. Digital signal processing and error correction techniques are also addressed. The content is of interest to graduate students and researchers in optical communications.

This work addresses the topic of optical networks cross-layer design with a focus on physical-layer-impairment-aware design. Contributors captures both the physical-layer-aware network design as well as the latest advances in service-layer-aware network design. Treatment of topics such as, optical transmissions which are prone to signal impairments, dense packing of wavelengths, dispersion, crosstalk, etc., as well as how to design the network to mitigate such impairments, are all covered.