Epilepsy research has entered an exciting phase as advances in molecular analysis have supplemented in vitro and in vivo electrophysiologic and phenotypic characterization. Recent Advances in Epilepsy Research sets forth a series of chapter reviews by researchers involved in these advances. This volume is a composite profile of some exciting recent investigations in select areas of enquiry. Key features: neurogenetics of seizure disorders, new developments in cellular and molecular neurobiology of seizure disorders, the role of growth factors in seizures, new advances in the roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors and GABA receptors and transporters, gap junctions, neuroimmunology of epilepsy, malformations of cortical development, neurogenesis, new animal models of epilepsy and the use of brain stimulation to treat epilepsy. This book should be of interest to a wide variety of audiences, including graduate students in neurobiology and related disciplines, neuroscientists, medical students, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and industry including pharmaceutical companies and medical device companies. There are many ideas in this book that will lead ingenious innovators in academia and industry to develop new and better therapies.

Advances in Epilepsy Research and Treatment / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Epilepsy. The editors have built Advances in Epilepsy Research and Treatment / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Epilepsy in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in Epilepsy Research and Treatment / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Washington D. C. , and at the Columbia University New York. In 1967 and 1968 he worked as a gen eral surgeon at the 1st Surgical Department of the Vienna Medical School with Professor Fuchsig. At the Max-Planck Institute in Munich he worked in the years 1968 to 1969 as a neuropathologist. In the year 1969 till 1972 back at the Department of Neurosurgery in Vienna he served as a general neurosurgeon and one of his main goals was pediatric neurosurgery. In Au gust 1972 he moved to Kiel to work with Professor Jensen at the Neurosurgical University Hospital. He had to graduate one more time in Germany and he did this with "Ultrasound Tomography in Neurosurgery". Together with the Department of Pediatrics he started to build the Pediatric Neurosurgical Department. At this time he started his research on pineal, midbrain and brainstem surgery. In September 1976 he started at the Ostsee Clinic Damp in Schleswig-Holstein to build a Neurosurgical Department that opened its gates on 1977 and he became the first chairman. On On September 30th, 2002 Professor Gerhard Pendl, April 1, 1978 he went back to Vienna as the Vice M. D. retires from his chairmanship at the Department Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the of Neurosurgery at the University Hospital in Graz. University Hospital in Vienna under Professor Koos Shortly after his birth on July 10, 1934 in Linz and in 1980 he got his Ph. D.

This book is to improve our understanding of mechanisms leading to seizures in humans and in developing new therapeutic options. The book covers topics such as recent approaches to seizure control, recent developments in signal processing of interest for seizure prediction, ictogenesis in complex epileptic brain networks, active probing of the pre-seizure state, non-EEG based approaches to the transition to seizures, microseizures and their role in the generation of clinical seizures, the impact of sleep and long-biological cycles on seizure prediction, as well as animal and computational models of seizures and epilepsy. Furthermore the book covers recent developments of international databases and of parallel computing structures based on Cellular Nonlinear Networks that can play an important role in the realization of a portable seizure warning device.

Scientific interest in cannabinoid research is currently experiencing a significant increase because of changing attitudes toward Cannabis and the evolving awareness of its pharmaceutical benefits. Coincidently, numerous jurisdictions are moving toward legalizing Cannabis and Cannabis-derived products, which reflects a larger global movement to understand Cannabis and its bioactive chemicals for their potential biomedical uses, harms, and economic value. Research activities are surging to fill important knowledge gaps in the field of cannabinoids as they continue to be identified. The purpose of this book is to summarize some leading areas of research in the cannabinoid field where knowledge gaps are actively being addressed. The research described herein spans basic biological and clinical research.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological chronic disorders characterized by unpredictable recurrent seizures, which leads to brain dysfunction, cognitive, psychological, and social disorders. Various treatment options for epilepsy are: antiepileptic drugs, surgery, neuromodulation, gene therapy and ketogenic diet. However, definitions, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are still challenging issues for clinicians and researchers. Antiepileptic drugs play a central and crucial role in the treatment of epilepsy patients. Brivaracetam Cannabidiol (CBD), Cenobamate, Everolimus and Fenfluramine are the five novel anticonvulsant drugs during the last 5 years. Brivaracetam anticonvulsant effects are due to its highly selective affinity for synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) in the brain. It is act as an SV2A ligand. Among these drugs Cannabidiol is one of the prominent phytocannabinoids derived from the cannabis sativa. The anticonvulsant mechanisms of action of CBD including antagonism of G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), desensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels, and potentiation of adenosine-mediated signaling through inhibition of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT-1) and enhancement of GABAergic transmission. The mechanisms of the antiseizure effect of Cenobamate are: increasing the inactivated state of voltage-gated sodium channels, and acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA-A receptors by binding at a non-benzodiazepine site. Everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. Fenfluramine is able to enhance extracellular serotonin levels, modulate serotonergic and other neurologic receptors. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of most of these drugs is unknown. At least 30% of people with epilepsy have drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), therefore, non-pharmacological treatments have been considered. the Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) are the most common neuromodulation-based approaches. Also, in recent years, a new field of GABA-, adenosine-, galanin-, and neuropeptide Y- based cell and gene therapies for refractory epilepsy has emerged. In spite of these advances, significant gaps in knowledge still remain. In particular, the mechanisms underlying epilepsy, including status epilepticus, drug and surgical treatments are still not well elucidated. Novel insights on pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy and new treatment options prompted us to collect the most recent publications on pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of epilepsy. So, in this Research Topic, we will focus on the advances in the field of treatment in epilepsy, the pathophysiology and molecular aspects of seizure attacks and novel antiseizure medications.

Recent Advances in Alzheimer Disease Research is a book series focusing on contemporary research on Alzheimer’s disease epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy. The series features reviews by experts in neuroscience and aims to provide current information in the field to both researchers and clinicians. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder affecting more than 5.8 million individuals worldwide. Down syndrome can be viewed as a complex multi-system disorder as it manifests into significant physical, psychological, and cognitive abnormalities in affected persons. With aging, most adults with Down syndrome develop the clinical and neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, no extant treatments have proven beneficial for cognitive dysfunction for either Down syndrome or Alzheimer’s disease. An incomplete understanding of the common pathogenic mechanisms that link these two disorders has limited researchers’ progress to this end. Common Pathogenic Mechanisms between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease: Steps toward Therapy is a novel attempt to fill this void, by summarizing the work of world-renowned scientists in the field of Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome, and thus providing an unprecedented opportunity to attract attention to Down syndrome as a tool for understanding the common molecular mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer’s disease and to develop new therapies for similar neurodegenerative disorders of the brain. The book covers the fundamental pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms behind the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome affected individuals as well other key topics such as diagnosis and management, in vivo brain imaging studies, and progressive neurodegeneration of the monoaminergic system. The book concludes with a review of recent clinical trials of drugs designed to mitigate cognitive dysfunction in aging adults with Down syndrome and establishes a scientific warrant for the increased testing of candidate pharmacotherapies. Common Pathogenic Mechanisms between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease: Steps toward Therapy is a useful reference clinicians involved in treating Down syndrome patients as well as for neuroscience researchers seeking to understand the influence of a specific case of aneuploidy on Alzheimer’s disease incidence and its progression at the molecular level.

This book reviews the role of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia, satellite cells, and Schwann cells) in neuronal health and diseases. It discusses the latest advances in understanding their origin, differentiation, and hemostasis. The book also examines the role of microglial cells in central nervous system (CNS) development, maintenance, and synaptic plasticity. Further, the book presents the functions of astrocytes in healthy CNS and their critical role in CNS disorders, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Notably, the book describes the pathobiology, molecular pathogenesis, stem cells, and imaging characteristics of gliomas. It defines the role of glial cells in regulating iron homeostasis and their effect on the neurodegeneration of neurons. Lastly, it covers the structure, function, and pathology of oligodendrocytes and their role in neuronal health and disease. ​

Wide and fascinating is the field of research on tryptophan, a most versatile amino acid, transformed, as it is, in our organism into many biologically active substances. This volume contains the proceedings of the Eighth International Meeting on Tryptophan Research, held at the University of Padova, Padova, Italy, from June 25 to 29 1995, under the auspices of the University of Padova, National Research Council, Italian Chemical Society-Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Region ofthe Veneto and City of Padova. The meeting was held in Padova to commemorate Prof. Luigi Musajo twenty years after his death and the editors dedicate this book to him in recognition of his pioneering work in tryptophan metabolism. Prof. Osamu Hayaishi delivered the Musajo Memorial Award Lecture: Tryptophan oxygenase. and sleep. Figure I shows the ISTRY President Prof. Simon N. Young presenting the Musajo Memorial Medal to Prof. Hayaishi during the Opening Ceremony. Two hundred scientists from twenty two countries participated in the meeting. These proceedings contain 121 papers encompassing a variety of topics and disciplines.

Sophisticated imaging tools continue to provide information about the central nervous system that is novel. This has impacted the diagnosis of neurological diseases in veterinary patients by allowing non-invasive in vivo diagnosis of diseases previously not open to diagnosis or only diagnosed post mortem. This eBook is a collection of papers submitted to the Research Topic “Neuroimaging in Veterinary Science”. It contains review and research papers, case reports and an accompanying editorial. It gives insight into the contributions diagnostic imaging can make to the field of veterinary neurology.