Moving from the mid-seventeenth century to the near present, this book marks physical and conceptual changes across European towns and examines how gender was implicated and imbricated in those changes. As places which fostered and disseminated key social, economic, political and cultural developments, towns were central to the creation of gendered identities and the transmission of ideas across local, national and transnational boundaries. From 1650 to 2000, towns grew rapidly and responded to the needs for new infrastructures, physical reconfiguration and ideas of citizenship. Gender relations vary over space and time and are continually altering; such variation underlines the need for a thorough non- or even anti-essentialism. Drawing primarily on three themes of economy, civic identity and uses of space, the volume shows that urban development, and responses to it, is not gender neutral and thus argues for the fundamental importance of a gendered perspective. Gender in the European Town is a useful resource for all students and scholars interested in urban history and its interaction with gender from 1650 to the present.

This is the first book to examine the development of the town hall during the twentieth century and the way in which these civic buildings have responded to the dramatic political, social and architectural changes which took place during the period. Following an overview of the history of the town hall as a building type, it examines the key themes, variations and lessons which emerged during the twentieth century. This is followed by 20 case studies from around the world which include plans, sections and full-colour illustrations. Each of the case studies examines the town hall's procurement, the selection of its architect and the building design, and critically analyses its success and contribution to the type’s development. The case studies include: Copenhagen Town Hall, Denmark, Martin Nyrop Stockholm City Hall, Sweden, Ragnar Ostberg Hilversum Town Hall, the Netherlands, Willem M. Dudok Walthamstow Town Hall, Britain, Philip Dalton Hepworth Oslo Town Hall, Norway, Arnstein Arneberg and Magnus Poulsson Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, Guiseppe Terragni Aarhus Town Hall, Denmark, Arne Jacobsen with Eric Moller Saynatsalo Town Hall, Finland, Alvar Aalto Kurashiki City Hall, Japan, Kenzo Tange Toronto City Hall, Canada, Viljo Revell Boston City Hall, USA, Kallmann, McKinnell and Knowles Dallas City Hall, USA, IM Pei Mississauga City Hall, Canada, Ed Jones and Michael Kirkland Borgoricco Town Hall, Italy, Aldo Rossi Reykjavik City Hall, Iceland, Studio Granda Valdelaguna Town Hall, Spain, Victor Lopez Cotelo and Carlos Puente Fernandez The Hague City Hall, the Netherlands, Richard Meier Iragna Town Hall, Switzerland, Raffaele Cavadini Murcia City Hall, Spain, Jose Rafael Moneo London City Hall, UK, Norman Foster

Niccolò Machiavelli famously wrote, "There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things." That's what this book is about--innovation far more audacious than a new way to find a restaurant or a smart phone you can wear on your wrist. Harvard professor Amy Edmondson and journalist Susan Salter Reynolds explore how to bring into being systems that transform human experience and make the world more livable and sustainable. This demands "big teaming": intense collaboration across professions and industries that may have completely different mindsets and even be antagonistic to each other. To do this successfully requires practicing new forms of leadership that combine an expansive vision with incremental action--not an easy balance. To reveal how pioneers build the future, Edmondson and Reynolds tell the story of Living PlanIT, an award-winning "smart city" start-up with a breathtakingly ambitious goal: building a showcase high-tech city from scratch to pilot its software. This meant a joint effort spanning a truly disparate group of software entrepreneurs, real estate developers, city government officials, architects, construction companies, and technology corporations. We get to know Living PlanIT's leaders and follow them and their partners through cycles of hope, exhaustion, disillusionment, pragmatism, and renewal. There are powerful lessons here for anyone, in any industry, seeking to transform the world.

Towns and Cities - Competing for survival suggests that as public and private corporations continue to downsize, outsource and re-engineer themselves, an increasing amount of expenditure and employment growth will lie with the leisure sector.

This is a study of the physical transformation of Edinburgh in the nineteenth century.