An innovative new theory of 'staggered time', based on the relation between simultaneity and delay.

Pt. I. Observer perspectives: epistemological background. 1. Fractal time: extended observer perspectives / S. Vrobel. 2. Mirror neurons: evidence for the great simulator and Vrobelism / O.E. Rössler. 3. The concept of now in Dogen's philosophy / M.E. Luetchford. 4. Systems and observers from a holistic viewpoint / F.-G. Winkler. 5. A systems-theoretical generalization of non-local correlations / N. von Stillfried. 6. Brain time and physical time / U. Fidelman -- pt. II. Identifying temporal observer perspectives. 7. Simultaneity in emotional moments / G.L. Clore. 8. On time experience in depression / H.M. Emrich, C. Bonnemann and D.E. Dietrich. 9. Contextualization: memory formation and retrieval in a nested environment / M. Piefke and H.J. Markowitsch. Complexity and emergent temporal structure / P.M. Allen. 11. Ordinate logics of living systems / J. LR. Chandler. 12. Skill learning, brain engagement, context and the arts / M.F. Gardiner. 13. Utilizing fractal time / T. Marks-Tarlow -- pt. III. Disentangling temporal simultaneous contrasts. 14. Relativity of scales: application to an endo-perspective of temporal structures / L. Nottale and P. Timar. 15. Unpacking simultaneity for differing observer perspectives and qualities of environment / B. Seaman. 16. Circumcising the void: (de)contextualising in complex Lacanian psychoanalysis / D. De Grave. 17. A review of Flicker-Noise spectroscopy: information in chaotic signals / S.F. Timashev and Y.S. Polyakov. 18. Hidden perspectives in emergent structures produced by neural networks / R. Pavloski. 19. Modeling common-sense decisions / M. Zak -- pt. IV. Synchronization. 20. Synchrony in Dyadic psychotherapy sessions / F. Ramseyer and W. Tschacher. 21. Temporal perspective from auditory perception / G. Baier and T. Hermann. 22. Perception of simultaneous auditive contents / C. Tschinkel. 23. Computer simulations as hidden time-ecologies / G. Koehler. 24. Anti-flaring: how to prevent the market from overheating / A.P. Schmidt and O.E. Rössler. 25. Leveraging the future - existence of a new endo-reality in economics / A.P. Schmidt and O.E. Rössler. 26. Endonomics: looking behind the economic curtain / A.P. Schmidt and O.E. Rössler. 27. Possible quantum absorber effects in cortical synchronization / U. Kämpf. 28. Time and timing in our body and life / O. van Nieuwenhuijze

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How do conscious experience, subjectivity, and free will arise from the brain and the body? Even in the late 20th century, consciousness was considered to be beyond the reach of science. Now, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness is recognized as a key objective for 21st century science. The cognitive neuroscience of consciousness is a fundamentally multidisciplinary enterprise, involving powerful new combinations of functional brain imaging, computational modelling, theoretical innovation, and basic neurobiology. Its progress will be marked by new insights not only into the complex brain mechanisms underlying consciousness, but also by novel clinical approaches to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. These innovations are well represented by the contents of the present volume. A target article by Victor Lamme puts forward the contentious position that neural evidence should trump evidence from behaviour and introspection, in any theory of consciousness. This article and its several commentaries advance one of the fundamental debates in consciousness science, namely whether there exists non-reportable phenomenal consciousness, perhaps dependent on local rather than global neural processes. Other articles explore the wider terrain of the new science of consciousness. For example, Maniscalco and colleagues use theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation to selectively impair metacognitive awareness; Massimini and coworkers examine changes in functional connectivity during anesthesi, and Vanhaudenhuyse et al describe innovations in detecting residual awareness following traumatic brain injury. Together, then contents of this volume exemplify the `grand challenge of consciousness' in combining transformative questions about the human condition with a tractable programme of experimental and theoretical research.

This book presents models and methods for systems reliability assessment, human reliability analysis and uncertainty management. It includes fourteen contributions which are grouped into three sections. Section 1 deals with basic reliability methods and applications. The papers by Saiz de Bustamante and Perlado introduce the stochastic processes and the Monte Carlo method, respectively. Sanz Fermandez de Cordoba and Gonzales discuss important practical implications of the use of reliability methods. The former refers to the aerospace industry. The latter considers nuclear power plants. Session 2 presents some advances in systems reliability techniques. The paper by Contini and Poucet illustrates the mathematical analysis of fault trees and event trees. It includes a discussion on the logical analysis of non-coherent fault trees and considerations on the major measures of criticality and importance of a component. The paper by Babbio is devoted to Petri nets. First, the formalism of this relatively new technique is given. Then, stochastic Petri nets are introduced as a tool to describe the behaviour of systems in time. Finally, by some fully developed examples, it is shown how this approach can be used to represent and evaluate complex stochastic systems. Limnios introduces the notion of failure delay systems and gives the lifetime structure for the evaluation of reliability measures. A reservoir is studied as an example of a failure delay system.

Interest in the concept of time has a long history and has been a topic of study for a wide range of investigators. No change can take place without specification of time. While philosophers and physicists have been intrigued by the concept of subjective perception of time and its relationship to real time, natural scientists have been concerned mainly with investigating time as a factor in understanding the behaviour of animals from the migratory habits of birds to the periodical breeding cycles. The immense bulk of temporal perception studies, the variety of approaches, methods of measurement and even terminology has led to a difficulty in reaching a global interpretation of the results.This book aims to give an integrative approach of time sense and to focus the analysis on temporal factors in the processing of movement, trying to link temporal perception studies in the final common pathway, that is motion. To give some clues of human brain integrative processes at higher levels. And, finally, to clarify the neurophysiological substrate of these operations.

The authors set out to address fundamental design issues facing engineers when developing the software for real-time computer-based control systems – in which all programs must be safe, reliable, predictable and able to cope with the occurence of faults. Despite rapid progress in computer technology, the attention of designers is still focused on finding logically correct algorithms to implement the required control. It has, however, become evident that this is insufficient and that attention must be paid to meeting the complex timing interactions which occur between the systems under control and the computers controlling them. This book suggests that the answers lie in the use of understandable, engineering-relevant, mathematically sound tools for expressing and analysing the complex temporal interactions. Timing Analysis of Real-Time Software is not a designer's handbook; rather it discusses the nature of the problems involved and how they can be handled. The focus is on the use of modelling techniques based on the so-called Quirk-model, initially developed in the United Kingdom and, over the past decade, extensively developed in institutions in the ex-Soviet Union and Europe. This book shows how the techniques can be used to form the basis of a new generation of CASE (computer assisted software engineering) tools, and examples are given of how these can be used to design embedded systems ranging from digital controllers through to communication protocol handlers.

This book aims to open up Deleuze's relevance to those working in history, the history of ideas, science studies, evolutionary psychology, history of philosophy and interdisciplinary projects inflected by historical problems.

The way that we interact with the environment on a daily basis is inherently multisensory. Even a simple task such as judging the location of a light in a dark room depends not only on vision but also on proprioceptive cues about the position of our body in space. The way that we experience food can be influenced not just by taste and smell, but by visual and auditory cues. Perception: A multisensory perspective adopts a multisensory approach to understanding perception. Rather than discussing each sense separately, this book defines perception as intrinsically multisensory from the start and examines multisensory interactions as the key process behind how we perceive our own body, control its movements, and perceive and recognise objects, space, and time. But the book delves even deeper. It discusses multisensory processing in conditions such as synaesthesia. It addresses attention and the role of multisensory processing in learning. By focussing on these domains, the authors highlight and identify general principles in the field of perception study and introduce models, experimental methods and pathologies that will be of interest to all those studying within the field of perception. The authors also illustrate applications that will be of interest to professionals whose work takes multisensory processing into account. As an introduction to the topic of multisensory perception, Perception: A multisensory perspective will be essential reading for students, from advanced undergraduate level through to postgraduate level in psychology, philosophy, and neuroscience. Those studying physiotherapy and neurological rehabilitation, human-computer interface development, or the design of products or services will also find this book of interest.

'Auditory temporal processing' determines our understanding of speech, our appreciation of music, our ability to localize a sound source, and even to listen to a person in a noisy crowd. Sound is dynamic and as such has temporal and spectral content. In disorders such as auditory neuropathy and MS, problems can occur with these temporal representations of sound, leading to a mismatch between auditory sensitivity and speech discrimination. In dyslexia, specific language impairment, and auditory processing disorders, similar problems occur early in life and set up additional cognitive speech processing problems. It has also been found that in disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy, temporal processing deficits can occur. This book reviews comprehensively the mechanisms for temporal processing in the auditory system, looking at how these underlie specific clinical disorders, with implications for their treatment. Written by a prolific researcher in auditory neuroscience, this book is valuable for auditory neuroscientists, audiologist, neurologists, and speech language pathologists.