South Africa's Weapons of Mass Destruction offers an in-depth view of the secret development and voluntary disarmament of South Africa's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons program, Project Coast. Helen E. Purkitt and Stephen F. Burgess explore how systems used for nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons in South Africa were acquired and established beyond the gaze of international and domestic political actors. On the basis of archival evidence from Project Coast and their own extensive interviews with military and political officials, Purkitt and Burgess consider what motivates countries to acquire and build such powerful weaponry and examine when and how decisions are made to dismantle a military arsenal voluntarily. Questions such as how to destroy weapons safely and keep them from reappearing on international markets are considered along with comparative strategies for successful disarmament in other nation-states.

The events of September 11 2001 have altered the course of arms control intended to eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and has made the role of international organizations controversial. Whether they can effectively verify compliance with the WMD treaty regime has now been questioned by the United States. In responding to this basic question, Eliminating Weapons of Mass Destruction examines how existing organizations apply the main verification tools, how they can improve and consolidate them where possible in order to meet the new security challenges more effectively.

With their potential to wreak massive or total devastation, nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons have dramatically escalated the stakes of war. As stockpiles of such weapons continue to grow around the world, especially in the years since the Second World War, countries have recognized the need to check their powers. This detailed volume examines various weapons of mass destruction and the science behind them, their effects on conflict, and the various arms control treaties and agreements that have been introduced to help curb the possibility of overwhelming loss.

This book provides readers with the first comprehensive study of South Africa’s foreign policy conducted in a multilateral setting, by placing on record over 1000 of South Africa’s votes at the United Nations over a 20 year period. The study investigates consistency in terms of South Africa’s declared foreign policy and its actual voting practices at the United Nations. Democratic South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Voting Behaviour in the United Nations offers a compendium of South Africa’s United Nations behaviour during a poignant transitional period in the country’s recent history. In setting out a framework for analysing the conduct of other countries’ voting behaviour in parallel with this study, it can be used to advance the field as a useful comparative tool. This book presents the material needed for International Relations scholars and practitioners in the field to make a reasoned and reflective assessment of this dimension of South Africa’s foreign policy.

About the publication South Africa’s foreign policy makers are facing a substantial challenge. From the advent of the democratic era in 1994 through to the early 2000s, South Africa was a highly respected actor in international affairs with a number of impressive accomplishments in the areas of global governance, peacekeeping and international norm entrepreneurship. However, since that time, the country’s international standing has declined. The value based and innovative foreign policy that earned the early post-apartheid South African government such great international respect has been replaced by a more transactional and tactically driven approach to international affairs. The country’s position as Africa’s leading economy and voice in international affairs is increasingly being challenged by other African states. This book explores how South Africa can develop a foreign policy strategy that is appropriate to the uncertain times in which we live and that both helps the country address its overwhelming domestic challenges of poverty, inequality and unemployment and regain its former high international reputation. The contributors to this book offer analyses and proposals for developing such a strategy within the context of the country’s constitutional order and institutional constraints and that addresses the diverse and complex global and regional aspects of the country’s international relations. Endorsements: “In this valuable book – which should be on every diplomat’s bookshelf - some of SA’s foremost experts offer the government frank and compelling advice on how to conduct a much better foreign policy over the next decade. … The authors challenge Pretoria to muster all the country’s assets and skills – and not just those of the ruling party – to pursue only the most important foreign policy goals. And to be guided always by the lodestar of the Constitution.” Peter Fabricius, Foreign Policy Analyst, former Foreign Affairs Editor at Independent Newspapers. “In this one-of-a-kind book of twelve chapters by emerging and experienced scholars, the authors probe into factors shaping South African foreign policy, lessons learned and the future strategy of the country’s foreign policy in an ever-changing world. A compelling read for policy makers and scholars.” Ambassador Prof Iqbal Jhazbhay, University of South Africa, Member of the ANC’s N.E.C. International Relations Sub-Committee & former SA Ambassador to Eritrea “This volume deserves to become a go-to classic on South African foreign policy. Its in-depth analysis will appeal to established experts in this area; its breadth will engage newcomers; its insights will be useful to scholars and practitioners alike.” Professor Amrita Narlikar, President, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) “This book offers compelling insights on South Africa’s foreign policy ... These varied pieces provide textured and critical perspectives that may help open up an avenue to re-imagine South Africa’s foreign policy afresh in the post-Zuma years. It is a compendium that should appeal to scholars of international relations, practitioners of foreign policy, and the broader policy community.” Professor Mzukiso Qobo, Head, School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand “This nuanced and richly detailed volume offers the reader superb analyses of South Africa’s foreign policy ... The authors’ contributions ... present both theoretical considerations and specific policy recommendations, which make the book highly useful for both scholars and policy makers ... Each chapter is thus certain to significantly contribute to promoting the public debate about South Africa’s place in the world.” Professor Oliver Stuenkel, Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTRIBUTORS Defining a South African foreign policy for the 2020s: Challenges, constraints and opportunities by Daniel D. Bradlow, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos & Luanda Mpungose Foreign policy under the Constitution by Jonathan Klaaren & Daiyaan Halim The courts and foreign policy powers by Nicole Fritz Overcoming bureaucratic and institutional challenges in South African foreign policy making by Arina Muresan & Francis Kornegay South Africa’s security interests in Africa: Recommendations for the 2020s by Aditi Lalbahadur & Anthoni van Nieuwkerk South Africa’s peace and security interests beyond the continent by Garth Le Pere & Lisa Otto Regional integration and industrial development in Southern Africa: Where does South Africa stand? by Maria Nkhonjera & Simon Roberts South Africa and African continental economic integration in the 2020s by Lumkile Mondi Negotiating climate change in an increasingly uncertain global landscape: Is there light at the end of the tunnel? by Ellen Davies, Saliem Fakir & Melisha Nagiah Reforming the institutions of global economic governance and South Africa by Cleo Rose-Innes Challenges and opportunities for non-traditional diplomacy by Fritz Nganje & Letlhogonolo Letshele Lessons learned and the path forward by Daniel Bradlow, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos & AnaSofia Bizos APPENDIX INDEX

Nuclear technology is dual use in nature, meaning that it can be used to produce nuclear energy or to build nuclear weapons. Despite security concerns about proliferation, the United States and other nuclear nations have regularly shared with other countries nuclear technology, materials, and knowledge for peaceful purposes. In Atomic Assistance, Matthew Fuhrmann argues that governments use peaceful nuclear assistance as a tool of economic statecraft. Nuclear suppliers hope that they can reap the benefits of foreign aid—improving relationships with their allies, limiting the influence of their adversaries, enhancing their energy security by gaining favorable access to oil supplies—without undermining their security. By providing peaceful nuclear assistance, however, countries inadvertently help spread nuclear weapons. Fuhrmann draws on several cases of "Atoms for Peace," including U.S. civilian nuclear assistance to Iran from 1957 to 1979; Soviet aid to Libya from 1975 to 1986; French, Italian, and Brazilian nuclear exports to Iraq from 1975 to 1981; and U.S. nuclear cooperation with India from 2001 to 2008. He also explores decision making in countries such as Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, South Africa, and Syria to determine why states began (or did not begin) nuclear weapons programs and why some programs succeeded while others failed. Fuhrmann concludes that, on average, countries receiving higher levels of peaceful nuclear assistance are more likely to pursue and acquire the bomb—especially if they experience an international crisis after receiving aid.

Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction provides an understanding of WMD proliferation risks by bridging complex technical and political issues. The text begins by defining the world conditions that foster proliferation, followed by an analysis of characteristics of various classes of WMDs, including nuclear, biological, and chemica

The first systematic look at the different strategies that states employ in their pursuit of nuclear weapons Much of the work on nuclear proliferation has focused on why states pursue nuclear weapons. The question of how states pursue nuclear weapons has received little attention. Seeking the Bomb is the first book to analyze this topic by examining which strategies of nuclear proliferation are available to aspirants, why aspirants select one strategy over another, and how this matters to international politics. Looking at a wide range of nations, from India and Japan to the Soviet Union and North Korea to Iraq and Iran, Vipin Narang develops an original typology of proliferation strategies—hedging, sprinting, sheltered pursuit, and hiding. Each strategy of proliferation provides different opportunities for the development of nuclear weapons, while at the same time presenting distinct vulnerabilities that can be exploited to prevent states from doing so. Narang delves into the crucial implications these strategies have for nuclear proliferation and international security. Hiders, for example, are especially disruptive since either they successfully attain nuclear weapons, irrevocably altering the global power structure, or they are discovered, potentially triggering serious crises or war, as external powers try to halt or reverse a previously clandestine nuclear weapons program. As the international community confronts the next generation of potential nuclear proliferators, Seeking the Bomb explores how global conflict and stability are shaped by the ruthlessly pragmatic ways states choose strategies of proliferation.

The world is in a second nuclear age in which regional powers play an increasingly prominent role. These states have small nuclear arsenals, often face multiple active conflicts, and sometimes have weak institutions. How do these nuclear states—and potential future ones—manage their nuclear forces and influence international conflict? Examining the reasoning and deterrence consequences of regional power nuclear strategies, this book demonstrates that these strategies matter greatly to international stability and it provides new insights into conflict dynamics across important areas of the world such as the Middle East, East Asia, and South Asia. Vipin Narang identifies the diversity of regional power nuclear strategies and describes in detail the posture each regional power has adopted over time. Developing a theory for the sources of regional power nuclear strategies, he offers the first systematic explanation of why states choose the postures they do and under what conditions they might shift strategies. Narang then analyzes the effects of these choices on a state's ability to deter conflict. Using both quantitative and qualitative analysis, he shows that, contrary to a bedrock article of faith in the canon of nuclear deterrence, the acquisition of nuclear weapons does not produce a uniform deterrent effect against opponents. Rather, some postures deter conflict more successfully than others. Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era considers the range of nuclear choices made by regional powers and the critical challenges they pose to modern international security.

Details the chemical and biological weapons program of South Africa.