Photosynthesis is considered the most important process in the biosphere. A chain of four complex protein molecules localized in the chloroplasts (Photosystem II (PSII), Photosystem I (PSI), Cytochrome b6f (Cyt.b6f), and ATP synthase), plus several removable proteins, known as Plastoquinone (PQ), Plastocyanin (PC), Cytochrome c6 (Cyt.c6), and Ferredoxin (Fd), recreate or convert the solar energy into a double electron stream, both cyclic and linear. This book proposes the hypothesis that the physiological motif of plastocyanin dimorphism is a hallmark of higher plants. The book will also serve as a methodological guide to photosynthesis, as it offers various methods for the study of proteins.

Science Discovery Files: 10 Forgotten Stories of Incredible Scientists tells real stories of scientific discoveries that you cannot find in textbooks or popular science books. The scientists featured are a diverse group, from female Chinese chemist Tu Youyou to William Beaumont and his handicapped assistant Alexis St. Martin, who helped pioneer studies into the human digestive system. Going beyond history, readers can also learn about the science principles behind each discovery! The backmatter includes additional information and further reading for curious readers.Scientists featured:This book is a 2023 Nautilus Book Awards winner.

Brimming with fascinating and fun facts about 100 scientific breakthroughs, this collection presents the real stories behind the history of science, at the same time offering a panoramic overview of the history of science and an introduction to some of the most important scientists in history. Grades 6 and up. Throughout history, science has changed lives and dramatically altered the way in which the universe is perceived. Focusing on the 100 most significant scientific events of all time—from Archimedes' discovery of the two fundamental principles underlying physics and engineering (levers and buoyancy) in 260 B.C.E. to human anatomy, Jupiter's moons, electrons, black holes, the human genome, and more—storyteller Kendall Haven has created a ready reference for those seeking information on science discoveries.

Uncovering common threads across types of science skepticism to show why these controversial narratives stick and how we can more effectively counter them through storytelling Science v. Story analyzes four scientific controversies--climate change, evolution, vaccination, and COVID-19--through the lens of storytelling. Instead of viewing stories as adversaries to scientific practices, Emma Frances Bloomfield demonstrates how storytelling is integral to science communication. Drawing from narrative theory and rhetorical studies, Science v. Story examines scientific stories and rival stories, including disingenuous rival stories that undermine scientific conclusions and productive rival stories that work to make science more inclusive. Science v. Story offers two tools to evaluate and build stories: narrative webs and narrative constellations. These visual mapping tools chart the features of a story (i.e., characters, action, sequence, scope, storyteller, and content) to locate opportunities for audience engagement. Bloomfield ultimately argues that we can strengthen science communication by incorporating storytelling in critical ways that are attentive to audience and context.

Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative--and hence unanalyzable--whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs--BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL--are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.

Space-opera heroines, gender-bending aliens, post-apocalyptic pregnancies, changeling children, interplanetary battles of the sexes, and much more: a groundbreaking new collection of classic American science fiction by women from the 1920s to the 1960s SF-expert Lisa Yaszek presents the biggest and best survey of the female tradition in American science fiction ever published, a thrilling collection of twenty-five classic tales. From Pulp Era pioneers to New Wave experimentalists, here are over two dozen brilliant writers ripe for discovery and rediscovery, including Leslie F. Stone, Judith Merril, Leigh Brackett, Kit Reed, Joanna Russ, James Tiptree Jr., and Ursula K. Le Guin. Imagining strange worlds and unexpected futures, looking into and beyond new technologies and scientific discoveries, in utopian fantasies and tales of cosmic horror, these women created and shaped speculative fiction as surely as their male counterparts. Their provocative, mind-blowing stories combine to form a thrilling multidimensional voyage of literary-feminist exploration and recovery. CONTENTS Introduction by LISA YASZEK CLARE WINGER HARRIS The Miracle of the Lily (1928) LESLIE F. STONE The Conquest of Gola (1931) C. L. MOORE The Black God’s Kiss (1934) LESLIE PERRI Space Episode (1941) JUDITH MERRIL That Only a Mother (1948) WILMAR H. SHIRAS In Hiding (1948) KATHERINE MACLEAN Contagion (1950) MARGARET ST. CLAIR The Inhabited Men (1951) ZENNA HENDERSON Ararat (1952) ANDREW NORTH All Cats Are Gray (1953) ALICE ELEANOR JONES Created He Them (1955) MILDRED CLINGERMAN Mr. Sakrison’s Halt (1956) LEIGH BRACKETT All the Colors of the Rainbow (1957) CAROL EMSHWILLER Pelt (1958) ROSEL GEORGE BROWN Car Pool (1959) ELISABETH MANN BORGESE For Sale, Reasonable (1959) DORIS PITKIN BUCK Birth of a Gardner (1961) ALICE GLASER The Tunnel Ahead (1961) KIT REED The New You (1962) JOHN JAY WELLS & MARION ZIMMER BRADLEY Another Rib (1963) SONYA DORMAN When I Was Miss Dow (1966) KATE WILHELM Baby, You Were Great (1967) JOANNA RUSS The Barbarian (1968) JAMES TIPTREE JR. The Last Flight of Dr. Ain (1969) URSULA K. LE GUIN Nine Lives (1969)

This is a transcript of the Video Lesson 1 from the YouTube series, 100 Lessons on Foundational Physics for the Next Einstein. This booklet includes the slides and notes, and it is to be used as an aid to the video.