'Imagine the pride of earning the Nobel Prize for warning that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer. Then imagine that citizens, policymakers, and business executives heeded the warning and transformed markets to protect the earth. This book is the story of why we can all be optimistic about the future if we are willing to be brave and dedicated world citizens.' MARIO MOLINA, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and Professor, University of California This book tells how the Montreal Protocol, the most successful global environmental agreement so far, stimulated the development and worldwide transfer of technologies to protect the ozone layer.Technology transfer is the crux of the 230 international environmental treaties and is essential to fighting climate change. While debate rages about obstacles to technology transfer, until now there has been no comprehensive assessment of what actually works to remove the obstacles. The authors, leaders in the field, assess over 1000 technology transfer projects funded under the Montreal Protocol s Multilateral Fund and the Global Environment Facility, and identify lessons that can be applied to technology transfer for climate change."

In the 1970s the world became aware of a huge danger: the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by CFCs escaping into the atmosphere, and the damage this could do to human health and the food chain. So great was the threat that by 1987 the UN had succeeded in coordinating an international treaty to phase out emissions; which, over the following 15 years has been implemented. It has been hailed as an outstanding success. It needed the participation of all the parties: governments, industry, scientists, campaigners, NGOs and the media, and is a model for future treaties. This volume provides the authoritative and comprehensive history of the whole process from the earliest warning signs to the present. It is an invaluable record for all those involved and a necessary reference for future negotiations to a wide range of scholars, students and professionals.

The mountain of information coming out of the respective regimes on climate change, ozone depletion and air pollution is monumental

'Imagine the pride of earning the Nobel Prize for warning that CFCs were destroying the ozone layer. Then imagine that citizens, policymakers, and business executives heeded the warning and transformed markets to protect the earth. This book is the story of why we can all be optimistic about the future if we are willing to be brave and dedicated world citizens.' MARIO MOLINA, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry and Professor, University of California This book tells how the Montreal Protocol, the most successful global environmental agreement so far, stimulated the development and worldwide transfer of technologies to protect the ozone layer.Technology transfer is the crux of the 230 international environmental treaties and is essential to fighting climate change. While debate rages about obstacles to technology transfer, until now there has been no comprehensive assessment of what actually works to remove the obstacles. The authors, leaders in the field, assess over 1000 technology transfer projects funded under the Montreal Protocol‘s Multilateral Fund and the Global Environment Facility, and identify lessons that can be applied to technology transfer for climate change.

Homer speaks of lightning bolts after which ‘a grim reek of sulphur bursts forth’ and the air was ‘?lled with reeking brimstone’. (Homer 3000 BC). The odour was not actually the smell of sulphur dioxide associated with burning sulphur, but rather was the ?rst recorded detection of the presence of another strong odour, that of ozone (O ) in Earth’s atmosphere. These molecules were formed by the passage of 3 lightning through the air, created by splitting the abundant molecular oxygen (O ) 2 molecules into two, followed by the addition of each of the free O atoms to another O to form the triatomic product. In fact, most of the ozone molecules present 2 in the atmosphere at any time have been made by this same two-step splitti- plus-combination process, although the initiating cause usually begins with very energetic solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation rather than lightning. Many thousands of years later, the modern history of ozone began with its synthesis in the laboratory of H. F. Schonbein in 1840 (Nolte 1999), although the positive con?rmation of its three-oxygen atom chemical formula came along sometime later. Scienti?c interest in high-altitude stratospheric ozone dates back to 1881 when Hartley measured the spectrum of ozone in the laboratory and found that its ability to absorb UV light extended only to 293nm at the long wavelength end (Hartley 1881a).

The thouroughly Revised & Updated 2nd Edition of the book “The Ecology & Environment Compendium” is the Most Updated Material for Ecology covering the social, political and economic aspects of Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Environmental Management. The emphasis of the book has been on Policies, Summits, Reports, Initiatives, new terms, Judgements etc., which are important from the point of view of the exam. The book covers a lot of new topics Eco-San, REDD, REDD+, Paris Agreement, Rio Declaration, COP, In Situ, Ex Situ, Cli-Fi, Green Economy, Carbon - Foorprints/ Trading/ Budget, etc. The book captures most of the important questions with explanations of the past years of the IAS Prelim exam, CDS, NDA and other competitive exams distributed in the various chapters. The book is divided into 9 chapters followed by 2 levels of exercises with 800+ Simple MCQs & statement based MCQs.

The thouroughly Updated 4th Edition of the book Ecology & Environment Compendium for General Studies CSAT Paper 1 & State PCS provides the MOST UPDATED material for the UPSC & State PSC Prelim & Main Exam. # This new edition has been mapped with the syllabus of NCERT Class 6 to 12 Books. Most of the Concepts of NCERT are covered in these books. # Further in this new edition IAS Mains Past Questions are inserted at various places in the Chapters. Also practice Mains questions are provided at the end of each Chapter. # There are 4 Exercises in the Book - (i) IAS & State PSC Prelim Previous Year Questions, (ii) NCERT based Questions; (iii) Basic Practice MCQs & (iv) Statement & Matching MCQs. # The USP of the book is that the information is captured in a self-explanatory and easy to remember methodology which comprises of Mind Maps, Infographics, Charts, Tables and latest exam pattern MCQs. # The emphasis of the book has been on capturing each and every detail pertaining to the Ecology & Environment which is important from the point of view of the exam. # The book captures most of the important questions with explanations of the past years of the IAS Prelim exam, State PSC, CDS, NDA and other competitive exams distributed in the various chapters. # The book is divided into 9 chapters.