Given two events, both of which are well remembered, can we specify which event occurred first? If so, how? For example, did Nixon resign, before or after Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs? Originally published in 1977, little was known about the accuracy of temporal codes for memories, and still less about the nature of the codes. This volume addresses the central question of the mechanisms by which order information is attached to memories. The results of sixteen previously unpublished experiments indicate the role of some independent variables on temporal coding in relatively short-term memory and in long-term memory. Several experiments, in which changes in proactive inhibition are used as an index of temporal differentiation, show that the nature of the words making up the lists is involved fundamentally in temporal coding. Other experiments demonstrate that in relatively short-term memory a subject cannot learn to improve his performance in estimating how far apart in time two events occurred. Still other experiments show that recency judgments for two events improve with practice, but the improvement is independent of the temporal separation. The context in which memories are established is shown to influence temporal codes only if an ordering metric is part of the context. The author advances several theoretical propositions to account for the various findings. In doing so he has given initial structuring for subsequent research to a neglected area. This volume will still be of significant interest to all those interested in learning and memory.

Given two events, both of which are well remembered, can we specify which event occurred first? If so, how? For example, did Nixon resign, before or after Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs? Originally published in 1977, little was known about the accuracy of temporal codes for memories, and still less about the nature of the codes. This volume addresses the central question of the mechanisms by which order information is attached to memories. The results of sixteen previously unpublished experiments indicate the role of some independent variables on temporal coding in relatively short-term memory and in long-term memory. Several experiments, in which changes in proactive inhibition are used as an index of temporal differentiation, show that the nature of the words making up the lists is involved fundamentally in temporal coding. Other experiments demonstrate that in relatively short-term memory a subject cannot learn to improve his performance in estimating how far apart in time two events occurred. Still other experiments show that recency judgments for two events improve with practice, but the improvement is independent of the temporal separation. The context in which memories are established is shown to influence temporal codes only if an ordering metric is part of the context. The author advances several theoretical propositions to account for the various findings. In doing so he has given initial structuring for subsequent research to a neglected area. This volume will still be of significant interest to all those interested in learning and memory.

This is a compact and economic student's version of the critically acclaimed ""APA Dictionary of Psychology"". It contains 5,000 entries offering clear and authoritative definitions - including many revised and updated definitions from the parent dictionary. It includes about 200 entries that have never appeared in the parent dictionary or its abridgment, the ""APA Concise Dictionary of Psychology"", selected through comparison with some of the best and most popular textbooks currently in use on college campuses. It offers basic coverage across 90 sub disciplines of psychology - with special emphasis on field typically encountered in undergraduate studies: general, social, developmental, abnormal, and cognitive psychology, as well as neuroscience and basic methodology and statistics. There is an appendix listing major figures in the history of psychology and their relation to outside disciplines and professions.

Contains alphabetically arranged articles that provide information on key topics in learning and memory, written by experts in the field, and includes biographical sketches of notable individuals, now deceased, who have contributed to the understanding of learning and memory.

Through engaging case studies on news magazines, Hollywood film, brand advertising, and movie colorization, this volume examines the resurgence of the black and white image in the 90s.