Reprint of the original, first published in 1864.

This essay collection presents a global history of the middle class and its rise around the world during the age of empire. It compares middle-class formation in various regions, highlighting differences and similarities, and assesses the extent to which bourgeois growth was tied to the increasing exchange of ideas and goods and was a result of international connections and entanglements. Grouped by theme, the book shows how bourgeois values can shape the liberal world order.

Thomas Carlyle’s political philosophy and social criticism is applied to contemporary politics and political philosophy in the 21st century. His theory and conceptualization of transcendentalism is defended and promoted as a long-ignored political ideology.