Global Minimum Tax at a glance The OECD ́s Global Minimum Tax is amongst the most discussed topics in the recent international tax law debate. The book provides for more than 25 individual but co-ordinated essays on multiple relevant topics on Pillar Two is structured as follows: General Topics including the legal status of the GloBE Model Rules, their relation to tax treaties and EU Law, the GloBE STTR, the specifics of jurisdictional blending, their impact on tax competition and on tax incentives Scoping topics including the computation of the EUR 750 million threshold, the definition of MNE Group, territorial allocation of CEs and excluded entities Charging provisions, including GloBE ́s rule order and the impact of the GloBE Model Rules on minority shareholders Computation of GloBE Income and Loss, including contributions on the adjustment of permanent differences and specifics of dividends and equity gains for purposes of the base determination Computation of Adjusted Covered Taxes, including the notion of covered taxes, the recognition of temporal differences and the territorial allocation of covered taxes Top-up Tax computation including contributions on the general correspondence of covered taxes and GloBE Income, the Substance-Based Income Exclusion, the specifics of Investment and Minority-Owned Constituent Entities and the general role of the QDMTT within the framework of Pillar Two Selected topics on the administration of GloBE, e.g., Safe Harbors and the identification of the taxpayer within the framework of Pillar Two

Rarely in the history of international tax law have there been so many evolutions in such a short space of time: In a dizzying array of reports, work programmes, consultations and announcements, the OECD, with the active support of the EU, has created a framework for a global minimum tax (Pillar Two or GloBE). In the meanwhile, jurisdictions are faced with the practical difficulties of incorporating an incredibly complex set of rules into their domestic legal systems. This book aims to shed light on the fundamental and technical issues surrounding the global minimum tax. It seeks to unravel the complex ramifications of GloBE’s technical framework and aims to explore the relationship between the OECD’s soft law materials, including the OECD’s GloBE Model Rules and the GloBE Commentary, tax treaties and the EU’s recently adopted GloBE-Directive. The author not only analyses Pillar Two from a technical and a policy perspective but also provides for a comprehensive examination of the compatibility of Pillar Two with tax treaties and EU law. To this end, the analysis also includes practical examples and illustrates solutions to numerous technical and policy issues of Pillar Two. Among the seminal matters covered are the following: History and Background of the global minimum tax discussion. Detailed technical considerations on the design of Pillar Two, including its scope, the determination of both the ‘GloBE Income’ as well as the ‘Adjusted Covered Taxes’ and the computation of the effective tax rate as well as the computation and collection of the final ‘Top-up Tax’ liability, including the application of the QDMTT, IIR, and UTPR. Tax policy implications and deficiencies of the final design of Pillar Two. The relation of Pillar Two to the current distribution of taxing rights under bilateral tax treaties. The analysis includes the compatibility of the QDMTT, IIR, and UTPR with existing tax treaties and the resolution of potential normative conflicts, both between tax treaties and domestic implementations of Pillar Two as well as between tax treaties concluded by EU Member States and the EU’s GloBE-Directive. The role of the GloBE-Directive within the EU’s legal order, including the issue of EU internal and external competence as well as the substantive compatibility of Pillar Two with primary law, such as the fundamental freedoms. Detailed comparisons between the OECD’s GloBE Model Rules and the EU’s GloBE-Directive elucidate common points and deviations. In addition to comprehensive technical considerations, the book also provides a comprehensive tax policy perspective on the global minimum tax. For its unparalleled clarification of the issues alone, this book will prove invaluable to practitioners, tax authorities, policymakers, and academics concerned with the implementation and application of Pillar Two. ‘Valentin Bendlinger’s book is an outstandingly remarkable work on a highly complex topic. The structure, clarity of thinking, and legal argumentation are excellent, and the legal and policy results throughout are profoundly argued. The book successfully ties together broad concepts of international and European (tax) law with highly complex and novel issues of the taxation of multinational enterprises. It should be highlighted that Valentin Bendlinger succeeded in leading the reader from the history and policy through a “jungle” of unprecedented rules to overarching fundamental issues of how the new taxation framework is to be placed in the international and European legal order.’ – Prof. DDr Georg Kofler, LLM (NYU), Vienna University of Economics and Business.

International Tax Law is at a turning point. Increased tax transparency, the tackling of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), the reconstruction of the network of bilateral tax treaties, the renewed discussion about a fair and efficient allocation of taxing rights between States in a global, digitalized economy, and the bold push for minimum corporate taxation are some expressions of this shift. This new era also demonstrates the increased influence of international standard setters such as the OECD, the UN, and the EU. Each of these developments alone has the potential of being disruptive to the traditional world of international tax law, but together they have the potential to reshape the international tax system. The Oxford Handbook of International Tax Law provides a comprehensive exploration of these key issues which will shape the future of tax law. Divided into eight parts, this handbook traces the history of international tax law from its earliest days until the present, including reflections on the developments that have characterized the last one hundred years. The second section places tax law within the broader international context considering how it relates to public and private international law, as well as corporate, trade, and criminal law. Sections three and four consider key legal principles and issues such as regional tax treaty models, OECD dispute resolution, and transfer pricing versus formulary apportionment. Subsequent analysis places these issues within their European and cross-border contexts providing an assessment of the role of the ECJ, state aid, and cross-border VAT. Section seven broadens the scope of this analysis, asking how trends in recent major economies and regions have helped shape the current outlook. The final section considers emerging issues and the future of international tax law. With over sixty authors from 28 different countries, the Oxford Handbook of International Tax Law is an invaluable resource for scholars, academics, and practitioners alike.

Panama: Selected Issues

This is the seventh edition of Tax Policy Reforms: OECD and Selected Partner Economies, an annual publication that provides comparative information on tax reforms across countries and tracks tax policy developments over time. The report covers the tax policy reforms introduced or announced in 71 member jurisdictions of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, including all OECD countries, for the 2021 calendar year. In addition to providing an overview of tax policy reforms, and the macroeconomic and tax revenue context in which measures were introduced, the report also contains a Special Feature that examines government responses to rising energy prices and offers some policy recommendations in the event that prices remain high.

Bringing together leading experts in the field of tax law, this book comprehensively analyses the new global minimum taxation regime for multinational companies. Not only does it consider this unprecedented diplomatic achievement in its historic, economic and political context, but the book also explores the intricate technical detail of the GloBE model rules.

Selected Issues

Selected Issues

This Selected Issues paper proposes a simple nowcast model for an early assessment of the Salvadorian economy. The exercise is based on a bridge model, which is one of the many tools available for nowcasting. For El Salvador, the bridge model exploits information for the period 2005–17 from a large set of variables that are published earlier and at higher frequency than the variable of interest, in this case quarterly GDP. The estimated GDP growth rate in the 4th quarter of 2017 is 2.4 percent year-over-year, leading to an average GDP growth rate of 2.3 percent in 2017. This is in line with the GDP growth implied by the official statistics released two months later, in March 23, 2018.

This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of Belize’s tourism sector and main achievements and discusses the country’s comparative advantages and bottlenecks in tourism. It also analyzes the impact of structural and institutional reforms on tourist arrivals. The outturns in tourism have significantly exceeded targets set in the authorities’ National Sustainable Tourism Masterplan (NSTMP). The implementation of the NSTMP reforms has supported the tourism sector’s expansion. In order to guide the development of the tourism sector, the NSTMP 2011 proposes reforms and targets to propel Belize into an internationally recognized tourist destination by 2030. The emergence of the shared economy business model has also brought new challenges, in addition to opportunities. The benefits of the peer-to-peer accommodation available to customers on digital platforms include the expansion of tourism product, service, and sector offerings; improved access to market; and opportunities for income generation. It is imperative that reforms in the near term should focus on addressing the impact of recurring natural hazards, infrastructure bottlenecks, fortifying the institutional and governance framework, reducing crime, and mitigating concerns relating to the shared economy.