The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.

There is an increasing need for knowledge of toxicology to safeguard the use of chemicals in industry and in the public and private sectors. The study of toxicology is becoming increasingly relevant in human health sciences, as future health and clinical professionals will be pivotal in addressing and managing emerging chemical threats and hazards related to modern anthropogenic activities and technological development. Comprising a series of chapters from leading toxicology, pharmacy and public health academics and experts across Europe, the United States and beyond, Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences provides a concise yet comprehensive volume that can be used as a relevant textbook on toxicology for the clinical, healthcare, educational and professional sectors. Key Features: Includes cutting edge information regarding the very lastest environmental threats to public health Provides a detailed case study based on a real-world scenario that allows the reader to practice human health risk assessment Describes innovative guidance and tools to respond to chemical incidents and attacks, which enables the reader to tailor an effective protection and remediation response This book covers the fundamentals and recent developments in toxicology, to respond to local and global chemical, pharmaceutical and environmental threats. Thus, this volume has chapters specifically designed to support the understanding of the most current toxicology-related subjects for any undergraduate/postgraduate health programs as well as aid the delivery of continuing professional development training on up-to-date topics in toxicology for current practicing health professionals wishing to improve their background knowledge in toxicology. The book is also vital reading and reference for policy makers and others that influence and set regulations that have an impact on the environment and human health.

This incisive volume of the Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law offers a broad analysis of the foundations, main concepts, and substantive and procedural requirements of selected chemical law regimes as they pertain to the environment. Featuring contributions from more than 40 expert scholars and practitioners in the field, the volume focuses on chemical regulatory systems from representative jurisdictions, including the EU and the US, to provide a coherent overview of this expansive and often fragmented area of law. Divided into five thematic parts, the volume first examines the fundamental concepts of chemical law, addressing topics including risk assessment, nomenclature, environmental justice and animal testing. Entries then discuss types of chemicals and exposures, regulation of chemicals in products and manufacturing, and waste and contamination, as well as covering liability rules as they apply to chemicals. This volume will be an essential resource for scholars and students looking for a clear understanding of chemicals regulation and governance from environmental and public health perspectives at both national and international levels. Its insights into policy developments and liability issues will also be of interest to policymakers and practitioners.

Principles of Toxicology concisely and efficiently presents the scientific basis for toxicology as it applies to the workplace and the environment, covering diverse chemical hazards encountered in modern workplaces and natural environments and providing a practical understanding of these hazards for those concerned with protecting the health of humans and ecosystems. The work presents not only theory, but also practical information regarding chemical hazards to give the student and new professional a working knowledge of the practice of toxicology and the ability to solve problems in environmental and industrial settings. Case histories and examples from industrial and environmental exposures to chemicals are included to demonstrate the application of toxicological principles. To allow for seamless reader comprehension and further exploration of covered topics, the work is supplemented with numerous illustrations to clarify and summarize key points, as well as annotated bibliographies. In the 4th edition, all chapters and references have been updated to account for the latest scientific thinking, and new color figures have been added. New topics covered in 4th Edition of Principles of Toxicology include: Regulatory toxicology, including the key regulatory framework in which much of the field of toxicology operates Alternative methods in toxicology, including cutting-edge approaches to developing new information on the toxicity of drugs and chemicals The dilemma of selecting safe exposure limits, guiding readers through practical considerations and pitfalls in developing and using safe exposure limits Ecological risk assessment, with detailed discussion of methods and considerations when evaluating the effects of contaminants on plants and animals. Providing information on the principles of toxicology and the application of those principles to solve problems in environmental and industrial settings, Principles of Toxicology serves as an excellent textbook resource for advanced undergraduate, graduate, and professional students in a range of environmental and health fields. It is also valuable to health professionals who need toxicological information and assistance beyond what is found in an introductory text to general toxicology.

Growing public interest in animal welfare issues in recent decades has prompted increased attention to the efforts to develop alternative, nonanimal methods for use in biomedical research and product testing. In A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing, the first book-length study of the subject, John Parascandola traces the history of the concept of alternatives to the use of animals in research and testing in Britain and the United States from its beginnings until it had become firmly established in the scientific and animal protection communities by the end of the 1980s. This account of the history of alternatives is set within the context of developments within science, animal welfare, and politics. The book covers the key role played by animal welfare advocates in promoting alternatives, the initial resistance to alternatives on the part of many in the scientific community, the opportunity provided by alternatives for compromise and cooperation between these two groups, and the dominance of the “Three Rs”—reduction, refinement, and replacement.

This new fifth edition of Information Resources in Toxicology offers a consolidated entry portal for the study, research, and practice of toxicology. Both volumes represents a unique, wide-ranging, curated, international, annotated bibliography, and directory of major resources in toxicology and allied fields such as environmental and occupational health, chemical safety, and risk assessment. The editors and authors are among the leaders of the profession sharing their cumulative wisdom in toxicology's subdisciplines. This edition keeps pace with the digital world in directing and linking readers to relevant websites and other online tools.Due to the increasing size of the hardcopy publication, the current edition has been divided into two volumes to make it easier to handle and consult. Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools, arranged in 5 parts, begins with chapters on the science of toxicology, its history, and informatics framework in Part 1. Part 2 continues with chapters organized by more specific subject such as cancer, clinical toxicology, genetic toxicology, etc. The categorization of chapters by resource format, for example, journals and newsletters, technical reports, organizations constitutes Part 3. Part 4 further considers toxicology's presence via the Internet, databases, and software tools. Among the miscellaneous topics in the concluding Part 5 are laws and regulations, professional education, grants and funding, and patents. Volume 2: The Global Arena offers contributed chapters focusing on the toxicology contributions of over 40 countries, followed by a glossary of toxicological terms and an appendix of popular quotations related to the field.The book, offered in both print and electronic formats, is carefully structured, indexed, and cross-referenced to enable users to easily find answers to their questions or serendipitously locate useful knowledge they were not originally aware they needed. Among the many timely topics receiving increased emphasis are disaster preparedness, nanotechnology, -omics, risk assessment, societal implications such as ethics and the precautionary principle, climate change, and children's environmental health. - Introductory chapters provide a backdrop to the science of toxicology, its history, the origin and status of toxicoinformatics, and starting points for identifying resources - Offers an extensive array of chapters organized by subject, each highlighting resources such as journals, databases,organizations, and review articles - Includes chapters with an emphasis on format such as government reports, general interest publications, blogs, and audiovisuals - Explores recent internet trends, web-based databases, and software tools in a section on the online environment - Concludes with a miscellany of special topics such as laws and regulations, chemical hazard communication resources, careers and professional education, K-12 resources, funding, poison control centers, and patents - Paired with Volume Two, which focuses on global resources, this set offers the most comprehensive compendium of print, digital, and organizational resources in the toxicological sciences with over 120 chapters contributions by experts and leaders in the field

Predictive data science is already in use in many fields, but its application in toxicology is new and sought after by non-animal alternative testing initiatives. Predictive Analytics for Toxicology: Applications in Discovery Science provides a comprehensive overview of the application of predictive analytics in the field of toxicology, highlighting its role and applications in discovery science. This book addresses the challenges of accurately predicting high-level endpoints of toxicity and explores the use of computational and artificial intelligence research to automate predictive toxicology. It underscores the importance of predictive toxicology in proposing and explaining adverse outcomes resulting from human exposures to specific toxicants, especially when experimental and observational data on the toxicant are incomplete or unavailable. Key features: Includes a plain language description of predictive analytics in toxicology adding an overview of the wide range of applications Examines the science of prediction, computational models as an automated science and comprehensive discussions on concepts of machine learning Opens the hood on AI and its applications in toxicology Features coverage on how in silico toxicity predictions are translational science tools The book integrates strategies and practices of predictive toxicology and offers practical information that students and professionals of the toxicology, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries will find essential. It fulfills the expectations of student researchers seeking to learn predictive analytics in toxicology. This book will energize scientists to conduct predictive toxicology modeling using artificial intelligence and machine learning, and inspire students and seasoned scientists interested in automated science to pick up new research using predictive in silico models to evaluate chemical-induced toxicity. With its focus on practical applications and real-world examples, this book serves as a guide for navigating the complex issues and practices of discovery toxicology. It is an essential resource for those interested in computer-based methods in toxicology, providing valuable insights into the use of predictive analytics.

Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology, Volume 46 contains comprehensive profiles of five drug compounds: Darunavir, Bisoprolol, Betaxolol, Rabeprazole and Irbesartan. In addition, the work contains a chapter reviewing Bioassay Methods and Their Applications in Herbal Drug Research. The comprehensive reviews in the book cover all aspects of drug development and the formulation of drugs, helping readers understand how the drug development community remains essential to all phases of pharmaceutical development. In addition, this work answers why such profiles are of immeasurable importance to workers in the field. The scope of the Profiles series encompasses review articles and database compilations that fall within one or more of the following five broad categories: Physical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, ADME Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients, Methodology Related to the Characterization of Drug Substances and Excipients, and Methods of Chemical Synthesis. - Contains contributions from leading authorities - Presents an excellent overview on the physical, chemical and biomedical properties of some regularly prescribed drugs - Includes a cumulative index in each volume

Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology refers to the study of pharmaceuticals in people. To that end, clinical pharmacologists focus on both improving the effectiveness of already available medications and creating brand new ones. In light of the thalidomide disaster, contemporary clinical pharmacology was born, yet nowadays, most adverse medication responses are dosage related. To begin with, doctors would utilise TDM to adjust a patient's dose based on their specific needs. In recent years, pharmacogenetics has been employed for this, and it has also proven helpful in selecting appropriate medications. Understanding how medications are absorbed, distributed, and excreted (pharmacokinetics) has allowed for advancements in this field. Evaluation of renal function and clarification of the pharmacokinetic implications of compromised renal function have been at the heart of this work. Clinical toxicology is a branch of toxicology that deals with the care of poisoned patients at the bedside. This includes making a definitive toxicological diagnosis, figuring out how bad the poisoning is right now and what the long-term outlook is, and choosing treatments, including antidotes. A clinical toxicologist's expertise in the possible dangers of drugs and chemicals enables them to aid in the prevention and preparation of chemical overdoses. Clinical disease is mostly brought on by toxicants. Because of this, clinical toxicology is included in internal medicine and greatly benefits from the expertise of other medical fields. Clinical toxicology calls for expert knowledge of pharmacology.