This book comprehensively covers the microbiome in respiratory disease, from the initial research study to the disease-specific implications and related applications. Research on the respiratory microbiome is increasing in volume and scope. This reflects rapidly growing interest in the study of respiratory disease to understand how microbiota shape mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. The respiratory tract spans the nasal passages, sinus cavities, oropharynx, and the tracheobronchial tree of the lungs. In these compartments of the upper and lower respiratory tract, the microbiota have now been studied in the context of several chronic respiratory conditions. These include chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis and pulmonary fibrosis, to name a few. The potential impact of ecological interactions (i.e., between microbes and between microbiota and host) within and across respiratory compartments is increasingly recognized. The book is organized into two main sections. Part I, Principles and Tools, covers conceptual modeling of the respiratory microbiome, experimental methodology with a focus on a priori considerations in study design and sampling, laboratory and computational methods for analysis of respiratory microbiome data, and minimizing interpretive pitfalls. Part II, Applications, discusses the evidence from specific studies that have shed novel insights into the influence of respiratory microbiota on mechanisms or outcomes in specific diseases. Based on current best evidence, disease-specific chapters include chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma (pediatric and adult studies), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis not due to CF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung transplant. This is an ideal reference for forward-thinking practitioners with interest in novel developments in precision medicine applications in lung disease, as well as translational scientists in the field of microbiology, immunology and lung biology.

A human being consists of a mammalian component and a multiplicity of microbes, collectively referred to as the "microbiota" or "microbiome," with which it has a symbiotic relationship. The microbiota is comprised of a variety of communities, the composition of each being dependent on the body site it inhabits. This community variation arises because the numerous locations on a human being provide very different environments, each of which favors the establishment of a distinct microbial community. Each community consists of bacteria, fungi and viruses with, in some cases, archaea and/or protozoa. It is increasingly being recognized that the indigenous microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the health of its human host. However, changes in the overall composition of a microbial community at a body site, or an increase in the proportion of a particular species in that community, can result in disease or other adverse consequences for the host. The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease: An Ecological and Community-Based Approach describes the nature of the various communities inhabiting humans as well as the important roles they play in human health and disease. It discusses techniques used to determine microbial community composition and features a chapter devoted to the many factors that underlie this mammalian–microbe symbiosis. Uniquely, the book adopts an ecological approach to examining the microbial community’s composition at a particular body site and why certain factors can shift a community from a eubiotic to a dysbiotic state. The book is for undergraduates and postgraduates on courses with a module on the indigenous microbiota of humans. It will also be useful to scientists, clinicians, and others seeking information on the human microbiota and its role in health and disease.

This issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, guest-edited by Dr. Margaret Pisani, is focused on Gender and Respiratory Disease. Topics discussed in this issue include but are not limited to: What are sex and gender and how can we study their impact in respiratory disease?, Sex differences in respiratory physiology, Impact of gender on social determinants of health, Gender differences in obstructive sleep apnea, Impact of gender on sleep disorders across the lifespan, Differences between men and women with COPD, Women and Lung Cancer, Pulmonary considerations in pregnant women and Asthma in women-gender specific considerations.

This book reviews the role of the lung microbiome in the development and progression of lung diseases. It deals with the role of microbiota dysbiosis in influencing host defense and immunity leading to resistance, colonization, and disease exacerbation. The book delineates the complex interaction between pathogen and lung residual microbiota during disease conditions. It further highlights the potential role of lung microbiota as the key modulator of lung carcinogenesis and immune response against cancer cells. Lastly, it reviews technological developments for unraveling the lung microbiome that profoundly impacts clinical diagnostics. This book is an essential resource for the scientists working in pulmonary diseases, pharmaceutical & clinical sciences, and pulmonary clinicians.

This new edition provides a fully updated guide to obesity's relation to lung disease. Over forty percent of the U.S. population is obese, and obesity is increasing in much of the world. Obesity has a major impact on health conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The effects of obesity on lung disease have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Furthermore, the COVID pandemic has dramatically illustrated how obesity affects respiratory disease, constitutes a major risk factor for COVID-19, and presents challenges to pulmonary care in the ICU. Obesity changes physiology, immune and metabolic function, and is associated with changes in diet and the microbiome, all of which combine to have a major impact on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Obesity is thus a risk factor for many respiratory diseases such as asthma, pulmonary hypertension, thromboembolic disease, obstructive sleep apnea and ARDS. Obesity also complicates the management of many other respiratory diseases and conditions such as COPD, thromboembolic disease, and the care of the critically ill patient. The objectives of this book are three-fold: To review how physiological, immune and metabolic factors might contribute to lung disease. To discuss the impact of obesity on common lung diseases To outline important considerations in the management of critically ill obese patients. There have been major advances in our understanding of the relationship between obesity and lung disease since the first edition in 2013, in addition to the major lessons learned about the importance of obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic. This has led to the addition of eight new chapters on topics such as, the microbiome, lung transplant, and COVID-19 in the ICU. This is an ideal guide for all clinicians taking care of patients with pulmonary and critical care diseases, as well as basic and translational scientists interested in how obesity affects respiratory health.

In this issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, guest editors Drs. Erick Forno and Gregory Sawicki bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Pediatric Respiratory Disease. Top experts discuss COVID-19 in pediatric populations; environmental exposures and pediatric respiratory disease; genetics and genomics in childhood respiratory diseases; microbiome and metabolome: their role in pediatric respiratory disease; and more. - Contains 21 relevant, practice-oriented topics including sickle cell disease and the lung; pediatric lung transplantation; health equity and advocacy in pediatric pulmonology; pediatric pulmonology in low-middle income countries; childhood interstitial lung diseases; primary cilliary dyskinesia; and more. - Provides in-depth clinical reviews on pediatric respiratory disease, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. - Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Mechanisms and Manifestations of Obesity in Lung Disease is a complete resource on the epidemiology and molecular mechanisms related to obesity and lung disease. Obesity has not simply changed the epidemiology of pulmonary disease, it has had a profound impact on the pathophysiology of common pulmonary diseases. As the obesity epidemic has taken hold throughout the developed world, scientists and clinicians are now challenged with identifying the mechanisms by which obesity alters lung health and the pathogenesis of lung diseases. This book is an important new resource for both clinicians and scientists dealing with these new health problems in pulmonary medicine. Presents an all-in-one resource that describes the impact of obesity on the development and severity of lung disease Details the molecular and immunologic mechanisms by which obesity impacts the pathogenesis and outcomes of lung disease Includes contributions from authors who are internationally recognized as leaders in the area of obesity and lung disease

Updates on Neonatal Chronic Lung Disease E-Book