Macromolecules. Molecular structure as the key to biological Activity. Giant molecules in cells and tissues. The insuline molecule. Proteins. The hemoglobine molecule. The three-dimensional structure of an enzyme molecule. The structure of the hereditary material. The nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid. The bacterial chromosome. The repair of DNA. The duplication of chromosomes. A replicating macromolecular complex. Bacterial viruses and sex. The multiplication of bacterial viruses. The structure of viruses. The fine structure of the gene. The genetics of a bacterial virus. Building a bacterial virus. Gene action in protein synthesis. The expression of genetic information. The genes of men and models. Hybrid nucleic acids. Polyribosomes. The genetic code. The genetic code: II. The genetic code: III. Gene structure and protein structure. How proteins start. Modification of gene action. The regulation of cellular activity. The control of biochemical reactions. Hormones and genes. Antibiotics and the genetic code. The induction of cancer by viruses. The structure of Antibodies. Radiant energy and the origin of life. Molecular evolution. Life and light. The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. The evolution of hemoglobin. Chemical fossils. The origin of life. Bibliographical notes and bibliographies. Index of names. Index of subjects.

Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on the nutritional issues associated with aging and the important metabolic consequences of diet, nutrition, and health. The book is subdivided into four parts that reflect the impact of nutrition from a biomolecular level to individual health. In Part One, chapters explore the general aspects of aging, aging phenotypes, and relevant aspects of nutrition related to the elderly and healthy aging. Part Two includes molecular and cellular targets of nutrition in aging, with chapters exploring lipid peroxidation, inflammaging, anabolic and catabolic signaling, epigenetics, DNA damage and repair, redox homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity, among others. Part Three looks at system-level and organ targets of nutrition in aging, including a variety of tissues, systems, and diseases, such as immune function, the cardiovascular system, the brain and dementia, muscle, bone, lung, and many others. Finally, Part Four focuses on the health effects of specific dietary compounds and dietary interventions in aging, including vitamin D, retinol, curcumin, folate, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, vitamin B, fish oil, vitamin E, resveratrol, polyphenols, vegetables, and fruit, as well as the current nutritional recommendations. Offers updated information and a perspectives on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of aging Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of aging across body systems Investigates the molecular and genetic basis of aging and cellular senescence through the lens of the rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition

Using a new, integrative approach, Molecular Basis of Aging describes the aging phenomenon within mammalian organisms from the perspective of changes in information storage and coordination between hierarchical orders of structure. This unique approach provides the reader with a thorough insight into the evolution of molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ systems and processes in mammals. This informative volume contains up-to-date reviews of:

This book covers the concepts of molecular medicine and personalized medicine. Subsequent chapters cover the topics of genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, as the tools of molecular pathology and foundations of molecular medicine. These chapters are followed by a series of chapters that provide overviews of molecular medicine as applied broadly to neoplastic, genetic, and infectious diseases, as well as a chapter on molecular diagnostics. The volume concludes with a chapter that delves into the promise of molecular medicine in the personalized treatment of patients with complex diseases, along with a discussion of the challenges and obstacles to personalized patient care. The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer, Second Edition, is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work with cancer.

Miami Winter Symposia, Volume 3: The Molecular Basis of Biological Transport covers the proceedings of the symposium held in Miami on January 10-11, 1972. The book discusses the life of Feodor Lynen and his lecture on carbon dioxide fixation; the biochemical significance of the anion transporting systems of mitochondria, especially that of amino acid systems; and the possible functional roles of transport through membrane junctions. The text also describes the role of chlorotetracycline as a fluorescent chelate probe for monitoring Ca++ and Mg++ binding to biological membranes; and the effects of carcinogens and steroid hormones on the structural apparatus involved in protein synthesis and export. The nature and regulation of hexose uptake by Escherichia coli; the role of bacterial phosphotransferase system in sugar transport; and energy coupling to lactose transport in Escherichia coli are also considered. The book further tackles citrate transport by Bacillus subtilis; leucine transport in Escherichia coli; and the transport mechanism in isolated bacterial cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. Biochemists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, physiologists, and people involved in enzyme and metabolic research will find the book invaluable.

People around the world are living longer. For the first time in history, most humans will live to be sixty and beyond. By 2050, the world's population aged 60 and over will reach a total of 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015. Today, 125 million people are 80 years of age or older. By 2050, there will be 434 million people in this age group worldwide. In addition, the pace of aging of the world population is also increasing. However, there is not enough evidence to show that older people have better health than their parents. While rates of severe disability have declined over the past 30 years (but only in high-income countries), there have been no significant changes in mild to moderate disability over the same period of time. Indeed, the increase in the duration of life (lifespan) does not coincide with the increase in the duration of health (healthspan), that is, the period of life free from serious chronic diseases and disabilities. Therefore, the identification of the factors that predispose to a long and healthy life, as discussed in the papers of this book, is of enormous interest for translational medicine.

This book illuminates mechanisms of resilience. Threats and defense systems lead to adaptive changes in gene expression. Environmental conditions may dampen adaptive responses at the level of RNA expression. The first seven chapters elaborate threats to human health. Human populations spontaneously invade niche boundaries exposing us to threats that drive the resilience process. Emerging RNA viruses are a significant threat to human health. Antiviral drugs are reviewed and how viral genomes respond to the environment driving genome sequence plasticity. Limitations in predicting the human outcome are described in “nonlinear anomalies.” An example includes medical countermeasures for Ebola and Marburg viruses under the “Animal Rule.” Bacterial infections and a review of antibacterial drugs and bacterial resilience mediated by horizontal gene transfer follow. Chapter 6 shifts focus to cancer and discovery of novel therapeutics for leukemia. The spontaneous resolution of AML in children with Down syndrome highlights human resilience. Chapter 7 explores chemicals in the environment. Examples of chemical carcinogenesis illustrate how chemicals disrupt genomes. Historic research ignored RNA damage from chemically induced nucleic acid damage. The emergence of important forms of RNA and their possible role in resilience is proposed. Chapters 8-10 discuss threat recognition and defense systems responding to improve resilience. Chapter 8 describes the immune response as a threat recognition system and response via diverse RNA expression. Oligonucleotides designed to suppress specific RNA to manipulate the immune response including exon-skipping strategies are described. Threat recognition and response by the cytochrome P450 enzymes parallels immune responses. The author proposes metabolic clearance of small molecules is a companion to the immune system. Chapter 10 highlights RNA diversity expressed from a single gene. Molecular Resilience lists paths to RNA transcriptome plasticity forms the molecular basis for resilience. Chapter 11 is an account of ExonDys 51, an approved drug for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Chapter 12 addresses the question “what informs molecular mechanisms of resilience?” that drives the limits to adaptation and boundaries for molecular resilience. He speculates that radical oxygen, epigenetic modifications, and ligands to nuclear hormone receptors play critical roles in regulating molecular resilience.

A large number of cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by inflammation. This volume on the molecular basis of microcirculatory disorders gives a comprehensive summary of key steps in the inflammatory cascade. Leading investigators present a state-of-the-art analysis of the molecular determinants of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, mechanotransduction in endothelial and inflammatory cells, mechanisms of cell activation, microvascular apoptosis with applications to ischemia-reperfusion in the brain, the heart and in venous disease, diabetes and hypertension. The book provides the latest thinking in these important cardiovascular problems, with the most contemporary literature and a look at the increasingly complex events during inflammation. Molecular biology tools, microvascular and modern bioengineering analysis are seamlessly integrated into the analysis of clinical problems. The book helps not only newcomers to gain entry into the interesting problems associated with microvascular disorders, but lays the foundation for the design of new therapeutic interventions.

The study of rare lung disorders enhances our understanding of common pulmonary diseases such as fibrosis and emphysema. Molecular Basis of Lung Disease: Insights from Rare Disorders brings together a panel of distinguished clinicians and molecular scientists who are experts in a range of rare lung diseases and their underlying molecular defects. Each chapter focuses on the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets suggested by basic research and follows an easy to read format: brief introduction followed by discussion of epidemiology, genetic basis and molecular pathogenesis, animal models, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, conventional management and treatment strategies, as well as future therapeutic targets and directions. Disorders ranging from the Marfan and Goodpasture’s syndromes to Sarcoidosis and alpha one titrypsin deficiency are treated in detail. Written for pulmonary clinicians and scientists alike, Molecular Basis of Lung Disease: Insights from Rare Disorders is a comprehensive and invaluable nesource that sheds new light on the molecular mechanisms influencing the clinical presentation and treatment strategies for these debilitating disorders.