This book explains why oil prices rose so spectacularly in the past and examines how they will be suppressed in the future.

This book, first published in 1982, takes the interaction between the domestic economy and the international trade in oil and, through the use of a consistent microeconomic framework, examines the conditions under which energy and related policies may or may not improve the performance of the U.S. economy, during both normal periods and old supply disruptions. This title will be of interests to students of environmental management.

The steps that lead to the production of oil and gas are diverse, complex and costly. They are diverse because the detection of oil and gas involves input from many specialties, ranging from geology to reservoir engineering. They are complex, as shown by the development of the job of the petroleum architect, who coordinates all the operations. They are costly, as the investments for exploration and production represent more than half of all investments in the oil and gas sector. Moreover, exploration is a risky activity, both from the technical and financial viewpoint: only one well in five produces marketable oil. Meanwhile, the areas for exploration and production are spread throughout the world.

Oil, Dollars, Debt, and Crises studies the causes of the current oil and global financial crisis and shows how America's and the world's growing dependence on oil has created a repeating pattern of banking, currency, and energy-price crises. Unlike other books on the current financial crisis, which have focused on US indebtedness and American trade and economic policy, Oil, Dollars, Debt, and Crises shows the reader a more complex picture in which transfers of wealth to and from the Middle East result in a perfect storm of global asset and financial market bubbles, increased unrest, terrorism and geopolitical conflicts, and eventually rising costs for energy. Only by addressing long-term energy policy challenges in the West, economic development challenges in the Middle East, and the investment horizons of financial market players can policymakers ameliorate the forces that have been causing repeating global economic crises.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, IDEAL 2012, held in Natal, Brazil, in August 2012. The 100 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from more than 200 submissions for inclusion in the book and present the latest theoretical advances and real-world applications in computational intelligence.

Writing this book would have been impossible without the help of certain institutions and persons. For a gas-producing and oil-processing country like the Netherlands, there was surprisingly very little, publicly available, research material. Public libraries' collections contained, with a certain degree of inconsistency, little of the more specialised sources. I would therefore like to express my gratitude towards Royal Dutch Shell, and especially the library staff in The Hague, for allowing me to use the company's library, thanking them for their assistance in finding and supplying the required data. I am also grateful for the financial assistance of the 'Nederlandse organisatie voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek' (NWO) and the Faculty of Law of the University of Leiden. They provided the financial means to work a (crucial) month in the very well equipped library of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. I am indebted to the staff of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, and particularly to Robert Mabro and Jeremy Turk, for their comments, support, and friendship. After I spent a month in the Institute in July 1989, I was able to return for two five-month periods in 1990 and 1991. For both periods, the Oxford Institute and the Leiden Law Faculty provided me with the necessary means. I would also like to express special gratitude to some people who have been a great support and supplied me with valuable comments at various stages of the study.

These political essays, which originally appeared in the Huffington Post, chronicle the financial and environment malfeasance of the oil industry during the last five years. Oil is a commodity that is essential to the worlds economic well-being. But it is also an industry rife with corruption. In OIL AND FINANCE, author Raymond J. Learsy chronicles the problems within the oil industry and details how these issues affect both US and global politics. Culled from a collection of essays that first appeared in the Huffington Post throughout the last five years, OIL AND FINANCE provides an illuminating understanding about where weve been and where were headed as a nation with respect to our fossil-fuel consumption, our environment, our financial system, our security, and our place on the global stage. It uncovers the truth behind oil pricingincluding its speculation and manipulation, the politics of oil and its impact on our security, oils influence on our domestic and foreign policies, OPECs success, and the menacing impact of oil on the environment. OIL AND FINANCE presents a real-time account of a nation in crisis. Filled with contemplations and reactions, it is also a call to arms and a battle plan. It communicates how we can reduce our dependence on foreign oil, develop alternative energy sources, stabilize our economy, shore up our national securityand prosper as a people.

The UN’s Net Zero goal is to limit the rise in mean global temperatures to 1.5°C by 2050. They suggested that it could be achieved by reducing global emissions by 45 percent by 2030 and then to zero by 2050. This book is a new stress test in applied econometric analysis of oil-producing countries. It includes a positive economic analysis using a sample of 11 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) nations from 1970 to 2019; and presents an empirical analysis of OPEC’s operating model – the state-owned oil monopoly, hence its dilemma. The book estimates a production function for every OPEC nation and then uses counterfactual scenarios to show that OPEC 's strategy to peg the price of oil by cutting oil production by more than 45 percent by 2030, results in a reduction of permanent income, which has negative macroeconomic consequences, such as on social welfare losses. The book begins by defining the dilemma, describing the stylized facts of OPEC economies and oil production organizations, their political environments, the dominant features of these economies such as oil rent, productivity; oil dependence, and the long-run and cyclical correlation between oil and output. It provides a microeconomic foundation for the macro analysis by testing the monopoly vs. competition price mechanism. Finally, there is a discussion of the policy options available to OPEC to deal with the UN’s Race to Zero. Students, scholars and researchers will benefit from the innovative ideas presented in the book and it will be a useful guide for policymakers and global governance experts.