This book focuses, for the first time ever, on the protection roles of human rights NGOs since the establishment of the United Nations and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also looks at how NGOs are responding to future challenges such as artificial Intelligence, robots in armed conflicts, digital threats, and the protection of human rights in outer space. Written by leading NGO human rights practitioners from different parts of the world, it sheds light on the multiple roles of the leading pillar of the global human rights movement, the Non-Governmental Organizations.

One of the more promising developments in global efforts to uphold human rights over the past decade has been the growing role of national human rights institutions. A role for national institutions was foreseen by the United Nations Economic and Social Council as early as 1946 and since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 the Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations Secretariat have sought to promote the role of such institutions. This volume offers a wealth of information on the protection functions of existing national human rights institutions in a wide selection of countries, drawn from Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America and Oceania. These essays together make clear the genuine striving by national human rights commissions to act for the protection of human rights in the countries they serve, and the variety of protection models that can and are being adopted, both in developed and developing countries.

Claude E. Welch, Jr.

This book offers a fresh approach to human rights by analyzing the role of institutional checks and balances, governmentalism and system's approach, intended for the prevention of human rights violations, the enforcement of human rights norms and rules, and important actors such as International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGO), and domestic Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The book presents case studies that offer innovative, political, historical, and social perspectives on how the International Human Rights Regime (IHRG) is practiced. It critically examines the interpretation, inconsistency, and application of the human rights norms in the Global South, and shows how the national mobilization of human rights is directly affected by the interdependence existing between the national and the transnational levels. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students, and practitioners of human rights, and more broadly of comparative politics, international law, global governance, international and nongovernmental organizations.

In recent years, several influential commentators have stated or strongly implied that the advanced industrial democracies are today being overwhelmed by a host of problems - including rapid population growth, the breakup of multi-ethnic states, environmental degredation, and increasing economic differentials between the "developing" and "developed" worlds - for which no effective solutions are at hand. The migration-inducing potential of these post-Cold War developments has been a particular source of concern. This volume provides a counter-catastrophic view of developments and a more sober and balanced assessment of the challenges the United States and other industrial democracies face in the sphere of international migration than that offered in recent years. The first part is devoted to a diagnosis of the problem, revalution of the notion of a "migration crisis" by examining the likely consequences of population growth, environmental degredation, and political conflict in the developing and post-communist worlds. Special attention is also given to the manifestations of these forces in the western hemisphere where they may have direct consequences for immigration to the United States. In the second part the implications for U.S. policy are considered, ranging from promotion of democracy and development of strategies for minimizing international migrations and refugee flows to the intricacies of humanitarian relief and intervention when preventive measures prove ineffective.

A claim and empirical demonstration that if human rights NGOs in Nigeria are to popularly legitimise themselves then almost all of them must undergo a fundamental revision of form, concept and activist methods. Legitimising NGOs in Africa will grant a greater achievement of influence to those organisations: this volume argues that only a transition to a mass movement model will ensure the legitimisation of most Nigerian and African human rights NGO communities. Okafor builds a list of recommendations designed to be used as a blueprint for successfully popularising NGOs.

The Politics of NGOs in Southeast Asia traces the history of the emergence of NGOs in the Philippines and southeast Asia and the political factors which encouraged this. The main focus is on the period from the mid-1990s when NGOs first became a notable force in the region. It documents the complex relations between NGOs and other political actors including the state, organised religion, foreign donors, the business sector and underground insurgent groups and their impact on NGO strategy.

The Book Police and Prison mentions about the different stages of investigation carried out by Police Officers in India. It starts from the time the First Information Report is lodged in local Police Station and till the charge sheet is filed. It is a long process. The Book also deals with prisons or correctional homes. There are 3 groups of detained persons who stay in the judicial custody. One group of prisoners are those prisoners who are yet to be proved as guilty and are kept during the period when police is already investigating. There is another group who had been sentenced with imprisonment after being proved guilty by criminal courts in India. There is another group of prisoners who have faced sentence for not abiding by court orders. There are many release processes. The Book contains process relating to Parole, Furlough, Probation and other release processes. At the same time there are discussion about Juveniles in conflict with Law whose detention process in Observation Homes and Special Homes are different than the ordinary correctional homes. There is role played by Probation officers in giving Social Investigation Report before JJB. The Book also speaks about the hurdles faced by the Investigating Officers in collecting evidence. In Criminal Cases burden of proof is always on the shoulders of the Prosecution and wherever there is lacuna the doubt goes in favour of Defense and case ends in acquittal. There is strong discussion about reforms relating to Forensic Science Laboratories in India, Police system in India and Correctional Homes or Prisons in India.

As the system of human rights special procedures goes forward to deal with the continuing and new challenges of human rights protection it is of great value to record and recall the considerable body of practice and precedents they have developed for the protection of human rights since the first special procedure was established in the mid 1960s. That is the particular merit of this path-breaking book. The author, who was one of the pioneers in the establishment and operation of the system of special procedures, tells in this book the story of the establishment, history, operations, successes and challenges of the special procedures through the lens of efforts for international protection. In the introduction he summarises their protection roles, which he sets out further in the substantive chapters. In the conclusion he provides an assessment of their protection roles. He notes that while they contribute greatly, the challenges of international protection are still many, and the author invites the international community to a higher level of protection.

This book explores how various strategies have been developed over time to address different human rights objectives. It provides a critical examination of the benefits and drawbacks of different human rights strategies, and explores the cultural dimension; considering how particular strategies may be viewed and deployed differently in contemporary human rights practice.