Eating is defined as the act of taking food into the mouth, chewing and then swallowing it for nourishment. The purpose of this volume is to present a number of up-to-date scientific reviews on the mechanisms involved in the process of eating and to introduce the reader to some of the problems encountered when these complex processes malfunction. Topics include a discussion on the peripheral mechanisms of taste and smell, taste and olfactory processing in the brain and its relation to the control of eating, and a section on mastication with an account of the scientific basis of masticatory disorders. The control mechanisms involved in salivation and swallowing are also extensively reviewed. Because this book reviews the fundamental understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in eating and includes an insight into the scientific basis of the malfunction of these mechanisms, it will be of equal value to both clinical and basic scientists. In particular, basic and clinical oral biologists and neurophysiologists, dental and medical researchers and postgraduate students will find it a valuable source of information.

"Chemical analysis has determined the fact that many of the grains and leguminous products are richer in nutritive elements that the roast beef of old England..".

Chirurgie / Physiologie.

Sanatan Hindu Dharma is like a huge tree. Different kinds of assumptions have, merged into it from time immemorial. As human population grew and time changed, beliefs and faiths changed as a result of continuous thinking of scholars and growing maturity in their ideas. As a consequence,? the branches and sub-branches of Hindu religion also grew. Is there any scientific basis of beliefs and faiths propagated in Hinduism? This question agitates the minds of intellectual readers again and again. Now, that time has come to an end, when you cited from the religious scriptures and said, ?Babaÿvakyaÿpramanam? (here is the statement from the author as evidence). Comprehensive thinking about religious beliefs has become the most essential call of the age today. First of all, the average reader has to understand what is science. The word ?vigyan (science) is formed by prefixing ?vi to ?gyan? (knowledge). ?Vishishta gyanam iti vigyanam, ?Vishesh gyanam iti vigyanam?, ?Vishuddha gyanam iti vigyanam (Specific knowledge is science, Special knowledge is science, Pure knowledge is science), these definitions are clear in themselves. Science, in fact, is based upon cause and effect relationship. ?Karya karan sarnbandh iti vigyanam?, ?punah punah parikshanam prayoganch kritam? (Science is cause and effect relationship. Experiment is made again and again). Where we come to know the cause and effect relationship, then that knowledge automatically passes into the category of science. True knowledge of an object, based on facts, is a part of science itself. ?Punah punah nirikshit gyanam iti vigyanam,? When the results are the same on repeated observations, then those facts become science. Ancient Rishis-Munis (seers and saints) formed some rules and principles under the cover of religion to civilize humanity. They offered the charms of heaven and fears of hell, so that, men adopted them in their conduct. Today, in the age of computer, no one accepts heaven or hell, piety or sin, religion or irreligion. It is a transition period. Innumerable questions are cropping up in the minds of the intellectuals. To clarify the scientific basis of Hindu beliefs has become a need of the day.

The first edition of this classic text appeared in 1976 with the aim of refining and standardising the advice given to the public and to ensure that such advice was scientifically sound and evidence-based. It was written not only for members of the dental professions and those involved in general healthcare including medical practitioners, school nurses, health visitors, midwives, dieticians, pharmacists and public health practitioners, but also those who influence health in the wider community, such as teachers, child carers and peer educators. While originally written for a UK readership it became clear that it was used in other countries and that a new international edition was needed. To ensure that this new edition would reflect a consensus of international expert opinion and be relevant to a much broader readership, a panel of eminent experts was enlisted from as far afield as Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Switzerland and the USA. The text is consistent with current evidence and guidance from the WHO, and includes comparative guidance from other countries and systematic reviews of research evidence from the Cochrane Collaboration database. It provides information and advice on the main aspects of oral health, including the cause and prevention of dental caries, periodontal disease, dental erosion, oral cancer and dental problems in children under five, and older people. Throughout the book, key points are given at the beginning of each chapter, with an indication of the strength of supporting scientific evidence using a simple scheme.

Since the first suffering supplicant offered a prayer to his god or the first mother cradled an ailing child in her caring arms, we have witnessed how human health and healing go beyond any inventory of parts and infusion of chemicals. We humans are a complex melding of thought, emotion, spirit and energy and each of those components is as critical to our well-being as our physiological status. Even if we are just beginning to quantify and document these seemingly intangible aspect, to ignore them in the practice of medicine is neglect and an invitation to do harm. The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health has been extensively updated and expanded to provide a comprehensive guide to integrative medicine. Taking a balanced and objective approach, this leading text bridges the gap between Western science and Eastern philosophy. It provides doctors and other health practitioners with information on complementary and alternative approaches to health, that is authoritative, evidence based, and epidemiologically substantiated. Written for doctors and healthcare professionals by pioneering practitioners and updated with the newest research across and increasing range of possibilities, this third edition includes nine new chapters covering topics such as: Electrophotonic imaging; Neuroacupuncture; Naturopathic medicine; Integrative nutrition.

With over 200 newly drafted figures & many new tables drawn from the wealth of data published over the last 15 years, this new edition has been thoroughly revised.