The sodium theory revisited (45 years of a full time CNRS neurophysiologist). The sodium theory has been elegantly proposed by Hodkin, Huxley and Katz in the early fifties, after their experiments on Plymouth squids, to account for the role of sodium and potassium ions in nerve activity. Since then, the electrophysiological techniques and the data acquisition techniques have known an amazing development. In this short paper, Yves Pichon wants to give an account of what happened since then in different laboratories (mostly marine) with a variety invertebrate species and mostly insects. One of the most important technical development has been the use of single cockroach axons which have been found to behave very much like squid axons. Another, almost simultaneous development which revealed extremely useful for the understanding of the nerve function was "in situ" microelectrode recording which enables an indirect analysis of the extraaxonal environement. Experiments on several species indicate that the CNS is protected from the ionic environment by a blood-brain barrier. On the other hand, quite unexpectedly, little ion accumation is detected in the vicinity of the axonal membrane in physiological conditions. Another innovating technique was the 'patch-clamp' technique which enables the recording of the activity of individual ionic channels in cultured neurones. The last chapter of this report is devoted to different mechansims leading to repetitive activity through modificatrion of the sodium and potassium axonal conductances.

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This is the second of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics in the first quarter of the 20th century. It covers the period 1923-1927. After covering some of the difficulties the old quantum theory had run into by the early 1920s as well as the discovery of the exclusion principle and electron spin, it traces the emergence of two forms of the new quantum mechanics, matrix mechanics and wave mechanics, in the years 1923-27. It then shows how the new theory took care of some of the failures of the old theory and put its successes on a more solid basis. Finally, it shows how in 1927 the two forms of the new theory were unified, first through statistical transformation theory, then through the Hilbert space formalism. This volume provides a detailed analysis of the classic papers by Heisenberg, Born, Jordan, Dirac, De Broglie, Einstein, Schrödinger, von Neumann and other authors. Drawing on the correspondence of these and other physicists, their later reminiscences and the extensive secondary literature on the “quantum revolution”, this volume places these papers in the context of the discussions out of which modern quantum mechanics emerged. It argues that the genesis of modern quantum mechanics can be seen as the construction of an arch on a scaffold provided by the old quantum theory, discarded once the arch could support itself.

On attending a conference on the Jovian satellites at UCLA, I heard Lou Lanze rotti vigorously present the exciting data on the sputtering of water ice by Me V protons taken with W. L. Brown at AT&T Bell Labs. In his inimitable way he made clear that this new electronic sputtering process was very poorly under stood and was very important for surface properties of sattelites. I was immedia tely hooked, and have been working ever since with Lanzerotti, Brown, my col league at Virginia, John Boring, and Bo Sundqvist at Uppsala on understanding the ejection of material from surfaces and applying laboratory results to intere sting planetary problems. In the course of writing this book I also had the benefit of spending a semester with the Planetary Geosciences group in Hawaii, thanks to Tom McCord, a period of time with Doug Nash at JPL, and a period ot time with the group at Catania. The book was started with the encouragement of Lou Lanzerotti. The writing has gone slowly as the field has been changing rapidly. Even now I feel it is incom plete, as the interesting Halley dust data have just recently been interpreted in detail, Voyager has recently visited Neptune, and the data on Pluto are rapidly improving. However, most of the principles for plasma ion alteration of surfaces and gases have been established allowing, I hope, a coherent and useful frame work for incorporating both new laboratory and planetary data.

Probiotics: Advanced Food and Health Applications presents the functional properties and advanced technological aspects of probiotics for food formulation, nutrition, and health implications. Specifically, the book addresses the fundamentals of probiotics, from their discovery to actual developments, the microbiological aspects of the main genus showing probiotic properties, the natural occurrence of probiotic strains in foods, the development of nutraceuticals based on probiotics, and the relationship of probiotics to health. The book also includes a discussion on regulatory aspects. This book is an excellent resource for food scientists, nutritionists, dieticians, pharmaceutical scientists, and others working with probiotics or studying related fields. - Introduces basic concepts on probiotics and describes the properties of main microorganisms with applications in probiotics - Provides a description on the natural presence of probiotics in different food matrixes and how probiotics can be developed for incorporation in food formulations - Offers advice on how probiotics can be used as nutritional input, along with their value on the preservation of healthy intestinal status, and their potential benefits in specific illnesses - Contains definitions, applications, literature reviews and recent developments - Includes a general introduction to the subject, taxonomy, biology, primary sources of probiotics and development of probiotics as food ingredients, human nutrition and health properties, and the use of high-throughput technologies in probiotics characterization

The fifth edition of this important book reviews recent advances in livestock mineral nutrition, updated throughout with new references that reflect the growing complexity of mineral metabolism. Major related themes covered include the assessment of the 'mineral value' of feeds, the false hopes placed on organic mineral supplements and limiting the 'mineral footprint' of livestock production to lower environmental pollution. Following a clear and easy to reference structure, the book also considers potential pitfalls, such as misleading estimates of mineral requirements for growth, and misinterpretation of genomic markers for mineral requirements and bioavailability of supplements. An essential resource for researchers and students in animal nutrition, agriculture and veterinary medicine, this book also forms a useful reference for veterinary practitioners and those concerned with human nutrition and environmental protection.

For courses in Communication Sciences and Disorders, Stuttering and Fluency. Working with People Who Stutter: A Lifespan Approach offers a comprehensive overview of the nature and treatment of stuttering across the lifespan. Written for clinicians, speech language pathologists, and students who want a balanced understanding about the complexities of stuttering, readers will learn about the characteristics and theoretical information about people who are afflicted by this condition. This fresh, new text provides information on each age group (preschool, school-age, adolescent, and adult) and is categorized according to the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of the disorder. The process of assessment and diagnosis is facilitated by coverage of multiple methods and a useful diagnostic checklist. Treatment chapters include multiple examples of current approaches, as well as practical therapy examples focusing on the 'how-to' of fluency therapy. Providing an 'applied emphasis' to the treatment of stuttering, this new contribution to the field should increase the competency, confidence, and enjoyment of clinicians working with people who stutter.