This book deals with theoretical thermodynamics and the statistical physics of electron and particle gases. It treats the laws of thermodynamics from a classical and a quantum theoretical view point. The free energy is calculated with a Gibbs formalism.

A practical, in-depth description of the physics behind electron emission physics and its usage in science and technology Electron emission is both a fundamental phenomenon and an enabling component that lies at the very heart of modern science and technology. Written by a recognized authority in the field, with expertise in both electron emission physics and electron beam physics, An Introduction to Electron Emission provides an in-depth look at the physics behind thermal, field, photo, and secondary electron emission mechanisms, how that physics affects the beams that result through space charge and emittance growth, and explores the physics behind their utilization in an array of applications. The book addresses mathematical and numerical methods underlying electron emission, describing where the equations originated, how they are related, and how they may be correctly used to model actual sources for devices using electron beams. Writing for the beam physics and solid state communities, the author explores applications of electron emission methodology to solid state, statistical, and quantum mechanical ideas and concepts related to simulations of electron beams to condensed matter, solid state and fabrication communities. Provides an extensive description of the physics behind four electron emission mechanisms—field, photo, and secondary, and how that physics relates to factors such as space charge and emittance that affect electron beams. Introduces readers to mathematical and numerical methods, their origins, and how they may be correctly used to model actual sources for devices using electron beams Demonstrates applications of electron methodology as well as quantum mechanical concepts related to simulations of electron beams to solid state design and manufacture Designed to function as both a graduate-level text and a reference for research professionals Introduction to the Physics of Electron Emission is a valuable learning tool for postgraduates studying quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, solid state physics, electron transport, and beam physics. It is also an indispensable resource for academic researchers and professionals who use electron sources, model electron emission, develop cathode technologies, or utilize electron beams.

This Book provides new foundations for modern physics and natural philosophy. In the past 100+ years, modern physics has been based on Quantum Concept, Einstein’s Relativity Theory, and three equations (Schroedinger Equation, Klein-Gordon Equation, and Dirac Equation). Relativity Theory not only is melted into the bones of modern sciences, it has also deeply infiltrated liberal arts and philosophical thoughts of several generations. As such, Einstein was regarded world’s greatest scientist in human history. While modern physics has splendid achievements in the past 100 years, it is now at a dead pass, unable to solve many fundamental problems like graviton, strong force, double slit experiments, quantum entanglement, etc.. Worse, the latest astronomical discoveries by the Webb Telescope has brought strong evidences against the Big Bang Theory that is based on General Relativity. As such, the whole modern physics is at jeopardy. Through lifetime pondering and research, the author has found that modern physics is on many shaky grounds and finally rebuilt physics without them. This book is the culmination of his lifetime work, most of its contents are published for the firs time. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of human cognition, and discusses the criteria for discerning truth and fallacy. Chapter 2 rigorously invalidates both Special Relativity and General Relativity from four different grounds, pulling down all existing “evidences” that were claimed to support Relativity Theory. Chapter 3 reviews the fundamental concepts in physics and natural philosophy and makes necessary corrections. Chapter 4 gives a new theory on gravity and gravitons. Chapter 5 re-studies electromagnetics, provides a complex set of Maxwell Equations and a new theory on electromagnetic wave. Chapter 6 provides a new photon theory, which not only satisfies all existing knowledge about photon, but solves the problems of double slit experiment and quantum entanglement successfully. Chapter 7 derives Schroedinger Equation from two basic physics principles and prove that the Schroedinger Wave Function does not represent particle state probability, but its complex electric and magnetic field energies. Error-prong modern physics methods are also criticized. Chapter 8 provides a new particle theory, which not only solves the mystery of proton and neutron, but can successfully construct atoms of large atomic numbers. The new theory also reveals the secrets of strong force and weak force, as well as chemical bonds. Chapter 9 also rebuilds the foundation of thermodynamics by redefining entropy explicitly, so to greatly simplifies the basic thermodynamics equations. Many well-known results in thermodynamic and statistical physics are invalidated. Chapter 10 also rebuilds the foundation of astrophysics. First, the main cause of star’s light spectrum redshift is finally discovered. Second, the basic pressure and temperature equations inside stars are corrected. Third, new theories about stars, galaxies, and universe are provided which are consistent with observations and new physics theories in this book. Fourth, the true energy source in nuclear fission and fusion is discovered. Chapter 11 discusses a few important things about life. Chapter 12 discusses a few things that face human in the near future. Appendix provides a comprehensive discussion on redshifts of star light spectrum, and finally prove that quantum loss redshift is the main cause of star light spectrum redshift. Appendix B proves that if Special Relativity is correct, then General Relativity is not. It also provides a simple, closed form solution for photon’s motion in gravity field. While the author cannot guarantee correctness of everything in the book, the new theories overcome the contradictions of existing ones and explain many more things that existing ones could not. The most important thing is all the theories in the book are mutually consistent and therefore re-enforce each other. As such, the author thinks that the GUT and TOE problems that physicists have dreamed along are now closed.

Sound knowledge of the latest research results in the thermodynamics and design of thermoelectric devices, providing a solid foundation for thermoelectric element and module design in the technical development process and thus serving as an indispensable tool for any application development. The text is aimed mainly at the project developer in the field of thermoelectric technology, both in academia and industry, as well as at graduate and advanced undergraduate students. Some core sections address the specialist in the field of thermoelectric energy conversion, providing detailed discussion of key points with regard to optimization. The international team of authors with experience in thermoelectrics research represents such institutes as EnsiCaen Universite de Paris, JPL, CalTech, and the German Aerospace Center.

This Book Emphasises The Development Of Problem Solving Skills In Undergraduate Science And Engineering Students.The Book Provides More Than 350 Solved Examples With Complete Step-By-Step Solutions As Well As Around 100 Practice Problems With Answers.Also Explains The Basic Theory, Principles, Equations And Formulae For A Quick Understanding And Review. Can Serve Both As A Useful Text And Companion Book To Those Pre-Paring For Various Examinations In Physics.

The present volume seeks to offer a novel and interdisciplinary overview of the question of literary interpretation and the numerous perspectives current in the field today. Written by early-career researchers and enriched with the important contributions of three senior lecturers, the articles contained in this compilation are devised to work as a multi-faceted whole that may at the same time give inspiration to students and constitute a guide to more experienced scholars. Acting as an integrating entity that agglutinates works from scholars across Europe, the editors consider this book to be a clear example of the dynamism of present-day literary studies and of the numerous ways in which literature can speak to people. Following Margaret Atwood’s statement, “The answers you get from literature depend on the questions you pose”, this volume may be said to possess the potential to provide as many answers as it poses new questions which will stimulate future research in the field.

Methods of Statistical Physics is an exposition of the tools of statistical mechanics, which evaluates the kinetic equations of classical and quantized systems. The book also analyzes the equations of macroscopic physics, such as the equations of hydrodynamics for normal and superfluid liquids and macroscopic electrodynamics. The text gives particular attention to the study of quantum systems. This study begins with a discussion of problems of quantum statistics with a detailed description of the basics of quantum mechanics along with the theory of measurement. An analysis of the asymptotic behavior of universal quantities is also explained. Strong consideration is given to the systems with spontaneously broken system. Theories such as the kinetic theory of gases, the theory of Brownian motion, the theory of the slowing down of neutrons, and the theory of transport phenomena in crystals are discussed. The book will be a useful tool for physicists, mathematicians, students, and researchers in the field of statistical mechanics.