The 1980's and early 1990's were witness to controversial discussions concerning the nature and role of philology in medieval studies. Some scholars defended the values and methods of tradition while others argued for a break with the past and the need to rethink medieval studies in the light of a (post)modern episteme. The essays in this book reflect the vigour of the debate with reference to romance studies, particularly Old French. Taken collectively, they argue not for a choice between two extreme positions, but rather a synthesis that combines the best of both worlds. The contributors are Donald Maddox, Richard F. O'Gorman, William D. Paden, Rupert T. Pickens, Barbara N. Sargent-Baur, Evelyn Birge Vitz, Haijo Westra, and Keith Busby.

This collection of papers, presented at the 11th International Conference on Precision Engineering, offers a broader global perspective on the challenges and opportunities ahead. The discussion encompasses leading-edge technologies and forecasts future trends. Coverage includes advanced manufacturing systems; ultra-precision- and micro-machining; nanotechnology for fabrication and measurement; rapid prototyping and production technology; new materials and advanced processes; computer-aided production engineering; manufacturing process control; production planning and scheduling, and much more.

The number of transistors in integrated circuits doubles every two years, as stipulated by Moore’s law, and this has been the driving force for the huge development of the microelectronics industry in the past 50 years – currently advanced to the nanometric scale. This e-book is dedicated to electronic noises and parasites, accounting for issues involving substrate coupling and interconnections, in the perspective of the 3D integration: a second track for enhancing integration, also compatible with Moore’s law. This reference explains the modeling of 3D circuits without delving into the latest advances, but highlights crucial problems, for instance electro-thermo-mechanical problems, which could be addressed through 3D modeling. The book also explains electromagnetic interferences , at different modeling levels (device and circuit) oriented towards 3D integration technologies. It also covers substrate noise, such as disturbances of digital blocks, power bounces, phase noise in oscillators, both at the device level, such as carriers or field fluctuations, and circuit levels. The entanglement between interconnect and substrate is also discussed. This e-book serves as a reference for advanced graduates or researchers in the field of micro and nano electronics interested in topics relevant to electromagnetic interference or the ‘noise’ domain, at device or circuit and system levels

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures (NSs) of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) such as nanorods (NRs) have recently attracted considerable research attention due to their potential for the development of optoelectronic devices such as ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The potential of ZnO NRs in all these applications, however, would require synthesis of high crystal quality ZnO NRs with precise control over the optical and electronic properties. It is known that the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs are mostly influenced by the presence of native (intrinsic) and impurities (extrinsic) defects. Therefore, understanding the nature of these intrinsic and extrinsic defects and their spatial distribution is critical for optimizing the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs. However, identifying the origin of such defects is a complicated matter, especially for NSs, where the information on anisotropy is usually lost due to the lack of coherent orientation. Thus, the aim of this thesis is towards the optimization of the lowtemperature solution-based synthesis of ZnO NRs for device applications. In this connection, we first started with investigating the effect of the precursor solution stirring durations on the deep level defects concentration and their spatial distribution along the ZnO NRs. Then, by choosing the optimal stirring time, we studied the influence of ZnO seeding layer precursor’s types, and its molar ratios on the density of interface defects. The findings of these investigations were used to demonstrate ZnO NRs-based heterojunction LEDs. The ability to tune the point defects along the NRs enabled us further to incorporate cobalt (Co) ions into the ZnO NRs crystal lattice, where these ions could occupy the vacancies or interstitial defects through substitutional or interstitial doping. Following this, high crystal quality vertically welloriented ZnO NRs have been demonstrated by incorporating a small amount of Co into the ZnO crystal lattice. Finally, the influence of Co ions incorporation on the reduction of core-defects (CDs) in ZnO NRs was systematically examined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

The design process of digital circuits is often carried out in individual steps, like logic synthesis, mapping, and routing. Since originally the complete process was too complex, it has been split up in several - more or less independen- phases. In the last 40 years powerful algorithms have been developed to find optimal solutions for each of these steps. However, the interaction of these different algorithms has not been considered for a long time. This leads to quality loss e. g. in cases where highly optimized netlists fit badly onto the target architecture. Since the resulting circuits are often far from being optimal and insufficient regarding the optimization criteria, like area and delay, several iterations of the complete design process have to be carried out to get high quality results. This is a very time consuming and costly process. For this reason, some years ago the idea of one-pass synthesis came up. There were two main approaches how to guarantee that a design got "first time right" : 1. Combining levels that were split before, e. g. to use layout information already during the logic synthesis phase. 2. Restricting the optimization in one level such that it better fits to the next one. So far, several approaches in these two directions have been presented and new techniques are under development. In this book we describe the new paradigm that is used in one-pass synthesis and present examples for the two techniques above.

This book aims at providing a view of the current trends in the development of research on Synthesis and Control of Discrete Event Systems. Papers col lected in this volume are based on a selection of talks given in June and July 2001 at two independent meetings: the Workshop on Synthesis of Concurrent Systems, held in Newcastle upon Tyne as a satellite event of ICATPN/ICACSD and organized by Ph. Darondeau and L. Lavagno, and the Symposium on the Supervisory Control of Discrete Event Systems (SCODES), held in Paris as a satellite event of CAV and organized by B. Caillaud and X. Xie. Synthesis is a generic term that covers all procedures aiming to construct from specifications given as input objects matching these specifications. The ories and applications of synthesis have been studied and developped for long in connection with logics, programming, automata, discrete event systems, and hardware circuits. Logics and programming are outside the scope of this book, whose focus is on Discrete Event Systems and Supervisory Control. The stress today in this field is on a better applicability of theories and algorithms to prac tical systems design. Coping with decentralization or distribution and caring for an efficient realization of the synthesized systems or controllers are of the utmost importance in areas so diverse as the supervision of embedded or man ufacturing systems, or the implementation of protocols in software or in hard ware.

Ball milling has emerged as a powerful tool over the past few years for effecting chemical reactions by mechanical energy. Allowing a variety of reactions to occur at ambient temperatures and in solvent-free conditions, ball milling presents a greener route for many chemical processes. Compared to the use of microwave and ultrasound as energy sources for chemical reactions, ball milling is not as familiar to chemists and yet it holds great potential. This book will introduce practicing chemists to the technique and will highlight its importance for green transformations. Current applications of ball milling will be covered in detail as well as its origin, recent developments and future scope, challenges and prospects. Chemical transformations covered include carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation, oxidation by solid oxidants, asymmetric organo-catalytic reactions, dehydrogenative coupling, peptide syntheses and polymeric material syntheses. The book will provide a valuable guide for organic, inorganic and organometallic chemists, material scientists, polymer scientists, reaction engineers and postgraduate students in chemistry.

Building on key reactions presented in Volume 1, Synthetic Methods in Drug Discovery Volume 2 covers a range of important reaction types including organometallic chemistry, fluorination approaches and asymmetric methods as well as new and exciting areas such as Csp2-Csp3 couplings, catalytic amide bond forming reactions, hydrogen borrowing chemistry and methods to access novel motifs and monomers. This book provides both academic and industrial perspectives on key reactions giving the reader an excellent overview of the techniques used in modern synthesis. Reaction types are conveniently framed in the context of their value to industry and the challenges and limitations of methodologies are discussed with relevant illustrative examples. Moreover, key opportunities in expanding chemical space are presented, including the increasingly important syntheses that introduce three-dimensional molecular shape. Edited and authored by leading scientists from both academia and industry, this book will be a valuable reference for all chemists involved in drug discovery as well as postgraduate students in medicinal chemistry.