This book examines the migration of women as gendered subjects to and from Turkey, using feminist research practices to explore a range of diverse experiences of migrant women as refugees, asylum seekers, undocumented or documented migrants. The collection includes contributions from researchers, practitioners, and migrants themselves to present a nuanced analysis that challenges binary divisions between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ migrants and highlights the political and social agency of refugee and migrant women in Turkey. Drawing on a rich body of original empirical and theoretical research the volume explores recent policy change in Turkey, the political and social influences that have shaped migration policy (both internally and globally), and how women migrants have been positioned within its changing refugee and migration regimes. Analysis of the Turkish experience of redesigning migration policy in a country with weak civil protection against gender discrimination provides important lessons, in particular for countries in the Global South that are under pressure from the Global North to control and manage migrant flows. This interdisciplinary volume offers gender-sensitive recommendations for policymakers and practitioners and will advance global debates on migration management and governance across the fields of sociology, social policy, anthropology, labour economics and political science.

Turkey hosts more refugees than any other country in the world, with forced migrants from Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, and other countries converging, either with hopes to settle in Turkey or to continue onwards to the European Union (EU). This volume addresses the specific experiences and trajectories of forced migrants in Turkey in the context of local and national contexts and the future of EU-Turkey relations. It presents the demographics of forced migrants, the biographies and future plans of refugees, and their interactions with civil society, states, and international agencies. A focus is on organized violence and corresponding experiences in countries of origin, during transit, and at current places. Based on extensive quantitative and qualitative research, this book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the fields of migration, human security, and refugee studies, as well as of sociology, political sciences, and international relations.

This book is designed to introduce the latest advances in academic research of the identity, nationality and immigration issues in the 21th Century. The book is composed of several defining papers that are essentially associated with so- ciety, culture, national identity and immigration. The articles in the book draw attention to social and cultural issues related to nationalism produced and spread all around the World after the French Revolution The issue of national- ism brought about many related subjects which are not only identity and culture but also political and social movement including migration issues. The opinions in each articles reflect its authors’ own thoughts.

Professor Hasret Comak and colleagues put together a sizeable collection of studies on refugee situation in Turkey with reference to broader frameworks and discussions. Volume V and VI bring us detailed discussions of the international framework of refugee management as well as the circumstances and experiences of refugees in Turkey. 23 chapters focus on various aspects and offer insights and perspectives on refugee experiences, legal frameworks and implications with particular reference to Turkey. Temporary protection, Syrians, media representations, Turkey’s legal frameworks dealing with refugees are the themes covered in this volume. CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1. REGULATIONS INTRODUCED BY LAW ON FOREIGNERS AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION IN TURKEY – Talip Menekşe and Soyalp Tamçelik CHAPTER 2. TURKEY’s ASYLUM POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF TEMPORARY PROTECTION – Ayşegül Bostan CHAPTER 3. THE EVALUATION OF SOCIAL POLICIES REGARDING REFUGEES LIVING IN TURKEY – Derya Alimanoğlu Yemişci CHAPTER 4. SERVICES AND RIGHTS PROVIDED FOR REFUGEES IN TURKEY – Talip Menekşe and Soyalp Tamçelik CHAPTER 5. THE IMPACT OF REFUGEES ON TURKEY’S GEOPOLITICS – Göknil Erbaş Doğan CHAPTER 6. THE ROLE OF SYRIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY – İsmail Köse and Metin Aksoy CHAPTER 7. REFUGEES POSITION FROM THE FAMILY LAW PERSPECTIVE IN TURKEY – Şebnem Akipek Öcal CHAPTER 8. THE PROGRESS AND CHALLANGES OF REFUGEE EDUCATION IN TURKEY – Hüseyin Pusat Kıldiş CHAPTER 9. REFUGEES IN TURKEY AND THEIR EDUCATION IN TERMS OF IDENTITY – Gamze Uşar CHAPTER 10. IRREGULAR MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF REFUGEES HEADING TO TURKEY; UNREGISTERED EMPLOYMENT – Hatice Nur Germir CHAPTER 11. THE IMPACT OF SYRIANS UNDER TEMPORARY PROTECTION TO THE LABOUR MARKET IN TURKEY – Asli Okay Toprak CHAPTER 12. TURKEY AND THE EMPLOYMENT OF REFUGEES – Hatice Nur Germir CHAPTER 13. SYRIAN IMMIGRATION AND INTEGRATION POLICIES IN TURKEY – Gülşen Sarı Gerşil CHAPTER 14. THE EXTENT OF SYRIAN REFUGEES IN ELECTION BULLETINS: 2015 AND 2018 ELECTIONS IN TURKEY – Yüksel Kamacı Erkan CHAPTER 15. THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON URBAN PLANNING IN TURKEY – Levent Uzunçıbuk CHAPTER 16. DIGITAL SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS AS AN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AREA FORIMMIGRANTS AND LOCALS – Füsun Alver CHAPTER 17. REFLECTIONS OF REFUGEE CRISIS IN MEDIA – Hüseyin Çelik CHAPTER 18. MEDIA AND LANGUAGE STUDIES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYRIAN CIVIL WAR’S MEDIA COVERAGE – Beyza Dutand Nilüfer Pembecioğlu CHAPTER 19. A THOUGH LIFE: THE PORTRAYAL OF REFUGEES IN (TRANSNATIONAL) FILMS – Burak Buğra Komlu and Hasan Gürkan CHAPTER 20. THE PERCEPTION OF MULTICULTURALITY BY EMPLOYEES IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSES AGAINST MIGRANTS – Gözde Mert CHAPTER 21. THE MAINTAINING (NON-MAINTAINING) OF CULTURAL AND SYMBOLIC CODES BY WOMEN THAT HAVE MIGRATED TO EUROPE FROM TURKEY: THE AUSTRIA (VIENNA) EXAMPLE – Nebahat Akgün Çomak, Elgiz Yılmaz Altuntaş and Eda Nur Akgün CHAPTER 22. THE MAINTAINING (NON-MAINTAINING) OF CULTURAL AND SYMBOLIC CODES BY WOMEN THAT HAVE MIGRATED TO EUROPE FROM TURKEY: THE CASE of FRANCE (PARIS) – Elgiz Yılmaz Altuntaş and Nebahat Akgün Çomak

This is a compilation of the abstracts of papers presented at the Migration Conference 2021. Please visit migrationconference.net for more details.

Turkey has experienced growth in both the population and the workforce. However, female participation in the workforce in Turkey is extremely low, largely due to financial dependency and lack of higher education. The authors argue that greater research is needed to improve the economic position of women throughout the country, and this remains a challenge that must be fixed both culturally and socioeconomically. The book explores the significant gap between policy advancements, actual practices, and the impact of regional variety in the cultural structure. The authors suggest that this in turn has affected Turkey’s ability to implement changes and reform. Reform must allow women to pursue changes that will give them greater financial flexibility and freedom within the country. The authors demonstrate the concept and framework for women’s empowerment and explore the need for this. This book seeks to discuss the approaches and strategies for empowering women by outlining the strategies, policies and tools that women are using for their empowerment focusing on Turkey while comparing with other countries worldwide. It also brings several issues to the forefront such as equality treatment, political participation, social issues, the gender pay gap, the glass ceiling and gender (in)equality, the migration effect and education. Offering a multi-disciplinary exploration of the relationship and connection between employment, national policies, migration economies, entrepreneurialism and gender in present Turkey, this book is an invaluable contribution to the existing literature surrounding Turkish gender studies and will be of interest to both scholars and experts in the field.

Turkey is home to the largest Syrian refugee community in the world and the agricultural industry offers work opportunities for vulnerable Syrian refugee families. This book exposes the fast-changing relationship between seasonal agricultural production and the work practices of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Through close ethnographic study carried out over three years with nearly 1000 people, the book illuminates how the increasing number of incoming Syrians results in the 'precarization' of the workers – particularly women and children. The author examines Syrian families' working and living conditions with a special interest in the dynamics of how they utilise the labour of women and children to survive and have access to work. An in-depth study of the Syrian community – at a time when the state apparatus is hostile to research on the subject – the material in this book is unique and offers an insight into remote agricultural sites that are invisible to many. It is an analysis of the precarization process of Syrian labour in an industry that wants to attract the most vulnerable people into the workforce. By focusing on the intersectional vulnerabilities and the context-dependent precarization, the book argues that the commercialization of agricultural production and the increasing use of waged labour blooms antagonistic encounters of different ethnic, cultural and religious groups in rural Turkey.

The impact of gender on migration processes Considering the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between gender relations and migration, the contributions in this book approach migration dynamics from a gender-sensitive perspective. Bringing together insights from various fields of study, it is demonstrated how processes of social change occur differently in distinct life domains, over time, and across countries and/or regions, influencing the relationship between gender and migration. Detailed analysis by regions, countries, and types of migration reveals a strong variation regarding levels and features of female and male migration. This approach enables us to grasp the distinct ways in which gender roles, perceptions, and relations, each embedded in a particular cultural, geographical, and socioeconomic context, affect migration dynamics. Hence, this volume demonstrates that gender matters at each stage of the migration process. In its entirety, Gender and Migrationgives evidence of the unequivocal impact of gender and gendered structures, both at a micro and macro level, upon migrant’s lives and of migration on gender dynamics.

Migration hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem der meistdiskutierten Phänomene entwickelt, sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb der akademischen Welt. Dieses Buch untersucht, wie syrische Flüchtlingsfrauen sozial, wirtschaftlich, kulturell, ethnisch und sexuell marginalisiert werden. Die Autorin analysiert, wie sich die in der türkischen Aufnahmegesellschaft produzierten Diskurse auf syrische Flüchtlingsfrauen und einheimische Frauen auswirken. Was denken diese Frauen über die aktuellen Ereignisse, ihren Status und die Schritte, die die syrische Regierung und auch NGOs bisher unternommen haben, um Lösungen für die Unsichtbarmachung von Frauen im öffentlichen Raum zu finden?

Women of Kurdistan: A Historical and Bibliographic Study documents a century long history of Kurdish women’s struggles against oppressive gender relations and state violence. It speaks to bibliographic silences on Kurdish women; silences that are systemic and structured, with many factors contributing to their (re)production. The book records extensive literature on violence perpetrated by the family, community, and the state as well as presenting the reader with a vibrant archive of resistance and struggle of Kurdish women. The analysis avoids the fashionable state-centered scholarship, which purifies processes of nation-building, state-building, and disguises their violence. The image depicted of the women of Kurdistan in this bibliography is shaped also by the languages we have chosen: English, French, and German. It is a record of material in languages that are not spoken by the majority of the Kurds. It will, therefore, be different from a bibliography of works in the Kurdish language, which have a majority of Kurdish authors, with more entries on topics such as poetry, fiction, education, and arts. "Love and learning made the making of this bibliography imaginable. It began more than 20 years ago when Amir was expanding his theoretical ground for class analysis of nationalism and peasant movement in the Kurdish region of Mukriyan (Hassanpour, 2021). Simultaneously, I was engaged with debates on Marxist feminism and transnational feminism while grappling with post-al tendencies in feminism such as post-colonialism, post-structuralism, and post-modernism. We wanted to better understand the explanatory power and political implications of Marx’s dialectical historical materialism in explicating the intersecting and refracting relations of gender, class, race, culture, nation, and nationalism. This commitment, nonetheless, did not remain in the realm of epistemology as a disembodied intellectual exercise. As a member of a dominant nation–a Shirazi born Iranian–I wanted to critically confront this national “identity” and the sense of “belonging.” Amir sought to scrutinize patriarchal structures and gender relations in Kurdish history, society, culture, and nation. This intertwined mind and heart desire put us onto a path of renewed discoveries of our personal and intellectual relations. In a nutshell, this was the beginning of the making of Women of Kurdistan: A Historical and Bibliographic Study." Women of Kurdistan provides a meticulously researched source book for readers interested in women, gender, and sexuality in Kurdistan and the Middle East. It covers a wealth of bibliographic material, including both scholarly and non-academic publications, many of which have not previously been accessible to broader audiences. But Women of Kurdistan is more than a source of information. It is also an eloquent reflection on the entanglement of knowledge production and political power, and a call to recognize scholarship’s potential in shaping historical change. Above all, it is a passionate statement about the impossibility to comprehend the intersection of colonial, capitalist, and nationalist forces without attention to women’s lives and struggles. - Marlene Schäfers, British Academy Newton International Fellow, University of Cambridge. Women of Kurdistan is simply an excellent template for how to chronicle women’s resistance politics. By framing the Kurdish women’s struggles within a historical materialism under different modes of production and discussing the political influence of five different nations on the Kurdish peoples, the authors offer a rich context that surpasses the common fetishization of women’s armed resistance. Internationally known for their Marxist and feminist works, Mojab and Hassanpour apply theories of nationalism, capitalism, peasantry, knowledge production, and relationship between state and non-state to understand the Kurdish experience, while honouring the struggle, voice, and poetry of Kurdish women activists. The book is as unapologetically critical of regional and religious hegemonies as it is of Kurdish patriarchies and is candid about the slipperiness of the concept of the “ideal Kurdish woman,” while skeptical of the benefits of transnationalization for the women honoured in this book. - Afiya Zia, author of Faith and Feminism: Religious Agency or Secular Autonomy? CONTENTS PART I. THE MAKING OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT KURDISH WOMEN WOMEN OF KURDISTAN PART II. WOMEN OF KURDISTAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDY GENERAL WORKS ARTS AND CULTURE CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS DISPLACEMENT, REFUGEES, AND MIGRATION EDUCATION ETHNIC FORMATIONS FEMINIST AND WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS GENDER RELATIONS GENOCIDE, GENDERCIDE, WAR CRIMES, AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY GEOGRAPHY HEALTH AND MEDICINE HISTORY LANGUAGE LAW LITERATURE POLITICS RELIGION SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION WAR AND PEACE APPENDIX INDEX