An efficient waste management for emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies is not mature yet. The problematic aspects along with the possible failure's identification have a pivotal role in modelling the future end-of-life management strategies. The identification of substances of concern (e.g. high cost, low availability, and high toxicity) and valuable materials is a key point to better define the research priorities to improve the eco-design of these technologies. The ultimate goal is to promote the disposal processes which enhance the repair, refurbishment, and recover opportunities and so the profitability of recycling. These studies can also prompt the investigation of innovative materials which are more cost-effective and/or coming from renewable resources or secondary raw materials. Forecasting the waste management technologies for the emerging photovoltaics is highly challenging. In this context, our purpose is to provide an overview of the critical elements and understand the appropriate corrective improvements towards more sustainable technologies.

An efficient waste management for emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies is not mature yet. The problematic aspects along with the possible failure,Äôs identification have a pivotal role in modelling the future end-of-life management strategies. The identification of substances of concern (e.g. high cost, low availability, and high toxicity) and valuable materials is a key point to better define the research priorities to improve the eco-design of these technologies. The ultimate goal is to promote the disposal processes which enhance the repair, refurbishment, and recover opportunities and so the profitability of recycling. These studies can also prompt the investigation of innovative materials which are more cost-effective and/or coming from renewable resources or secondary raw materials. Forecasting the waste management technologies for the emerging photovoltaics is highly challenging. In this context, our purpose is to provide an overview of the critical elements and understand the appropriate corrective improvements towards more sustainable technologies.

Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is expected to be the world's largest source of electricity in the future. To enhance the long-term reliability of PV modules, a thorough understanding of failure mechanisms is of vital importance. In addition, it is important to address the potential downsides to this technology. These include the hazardous chemicals needed for manufacturing solar cells, especially for thin-film technologies, and the large number of PV modules disposed of at the end of their lifecycles. This book discusses the reliability and environmental aspects of PV modules.

This dissertation explores the eco-design concepts for emerging PV cells. By conducting life cycle assessment (LCA) method, I addressed the following questions: (1) What is the environmental impact of a scalable perovskite PV cell? (2) How important are the metal emissions from the emerging thin film devices during the use phase? (3) What are the environmental impacts and costs of the materials used in emerging PVs? These questions are addressed in the analyses presented in the Chapters two, three and four, respectively. Chapter two assesses the environmental impacts of perovskites PVs that have device structures suitable for low cost manufacturing. A structure with an inorganic hole transport layer (HTL) was developed for both solution and vacuum based processes, and an HTL-free structure with printed back contact was modeled for solution-based deposition. The environmental impact of conventional Si PV technology was used as a reference point. The environmental impacts from manufacturing of perovskite solar cells were lower than that of mono-Si. However, environmental impacts from unit electricity generated were higher than all commercial PV technology mainly because of the shorter lifetime of perovskite solar cell. The HTL-free perovskite generally had the lowest environmental impacts among the three structures studied. Solution based methods used in perovskite deposition were observed to decrease the overall electricity consumption. Organic materials used for preparing the precursors for perovskite deposition were found to cause a high marine eutrophication impact. Surprisingly, the toxicity impacts of the lead used in the formation of the absorber layer were found to be negligible. Chapter three addresses the life cycle toxicity of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and zinc) that are commonly used in emerging PVs. In estimating the potential metal release, a new model that incorporates field conditions (crack size, time, glass thickness) and physiochemical properties (diffusion coefficient and solubility product) was introduced. The results showed that the use phase toxicity of copper and lead can be more toxic than that of the extraction phase. Thus, precautionary loss limits to manage toxic impacts from the use phase was proposed. Also, the toxicity from different layers of perovskite, copper zinc tin sulphide (CZTS), and quantum dot (QD) type of solar cells was compared. It was found that cadmium sulphide (compared to zinc oxide and tin oxide) and lead (II) sulphide (compared to lead (II) iodine and CZTS) were less toxic alternatives for electron selective layer and light absorber, respectively. Finally, in comparing the toxic metal releases of the PVs to today's coal power plants, it was seen that the metal emissions from PVs are expected to be several times less than the emissions from coal Chapter four aims to create inventories that offer insight into the environmental impacts, and cost of all the materials used in emerging PV technologies. The results show that CO2 emissions associated with the absorber layers, are much less than the CO2 emissions associated with contact and charge selective layers. CdS (charge selective layer) and ITO (contact layer) have the highest environmental impacts compared to Al2O3, CuI, CuSCN, MoO3, NiO, P3HT, PCBM, PEDOT:PSS, SnO2, Spiro-OMeTAD, and TiO2 (charge selective layers) and Al, Ag, FTO, Mo, ZnO:In, and ZnO/ZnO:Al (contact layers). The cost assessments show that the organic materials such as polymer absorber, CNT, P3HT and Spiro-OMeTAD are the most expensive materials. Inorganic materials would be more preferable to lower the cost in solar cells. All the remaining materials have a potential to be used in commercial PV market. Finally, the eco-efficiency analysis showed that absorbers made from polymer, and CNT, charge selective layers made from SpiroOMeTAD, PCBM and CdS and contact layers made from ITO, ZnO:In, and ZnO:ZnO:Al materials should be excluded from emerging PV market to lower the cost and environmental impacts from solar cells.

Solar Photovoltaic Technology Production: Potential Environmental Impacts and Implications for Governance provides an overview of the emerging industrial PV sector, its technologies, and the regulatory frameworks supporting them. This new book reviews and categorizes the potential environmental impacts of several main PV technologies, examining the extent to which current EU governance frameworks regulate such impacts. By identifying the gaps or regulatory mismatches and creating a basis for normative recommendations on governance change, this book analyzes potential governance implications and their impacts in relation to manufacturers upscaling PV production techniques. - Fills the need for a coherent source of information on the potential impacts of different PV technologies - Provides comprehensive coverage of lifecycle analysis (LCA) of PV technologies in a single reference - Analyzes relevant governance arrangements for researchers and manufacturers

Decarbonizing today's electricity grid is a top priority to curb impending consequences of anthropogenic climate change. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies have grown into a low-cost, reliable, and sustainable power source, already becoming the cheapest source of electricity in some parts of the world. To transition into a clean grid, cumulative global PV deployment need to grow by at least 10 times from today's 1 TW PV capacity. This rapid growth in PV deployment presents emerging sustainability challenges including increased demand to specific material supply chains and emergence of large volume of waste stream as PV modules are retired several decades later. The overall objective of this thesis is to apply analytical sustainability tools embedded in life cycle thinking and industrial ecology to anticipate environmental and human health impacts of evolving incumbent crystalline silicon (c-Si) and emerging lead halide perovskite (LHP) PV technologies at industry-relevant scales. This thesis presents three novel contributions by answering the following research questions about PV sustainability. (1) How do the evolution of c-Si module design, performance, and end of life pathways impact cradle-to-cradle material circularity to support a circular, resource-conserving economy? (2) What is the projected environmental impact of novel chemical precursors used in pre-commercial LHP PVs at industrial scale? (3) What is the potential magnitude of human health risks associated with the accidental release of Pb leachate during a breakage event of LHP modules in a prospective utility-scale installation? These questions are addressed in the analyses presented in chapters 2,3 and 4, respectively. Chapter two presents an open-source dynamic material flow analysis model of PV systems (PV DMFA) spanning the period 2000-2100 to trace and quantify material flows throughout their cradle-to-cradle life cycles. A case study was carried out to study PV flat glass and aluminum, which comprise 80-90% of PV modules. Results indicate that improving initial deployment parameters, particularly those related to system performance and reliability (i.e., efficiency degradation and lifetimes), has the most impact in minimizing material life cycle waste and significantly alleviating raw material demand. We also found out that scaling a robust PV recycling infrastructure that emphasizes recovery of high-quality scrap is essential to closing material loops. Chapter three presents a detailed ex-ante supply chain modeling for perovskite cationic precursors including methylammonium iodide (MAI), formamidinium iodide (FAI) and cesium iodide (CsI) and their subsequent life cycle environmental and energy impacts. These precursors make perovskite alloys that create a high efficiency thin film in LHP PV module. Results from this work contradict those of prior literature that warned against deploying high-performing FA-rich LHP alloys, citing outsized environmental impacts. Our results indicate that the process-based climate change, cumulative energy demand, and human toxicity impacts of CsI, MAI, and FAI are similar to each other and to lead iodide (PbI2) salts on a molar basis.. Additionally, the impacts of the perovskite precursors are ∼1000-fold smaller than those of glass when considering amounts needed per module area. Therefore, selection of perovskite composition can be based on PV efficiency and operational stability, without additional constraints of environmental impact. Finally, chapter four presents a screening-level, human health risk assessment for released Pb leachate in hypothetical breakage events of emerging LHP modules. Presence of Pb is essential to retain the high efficiency of LHP thin films, but also raises toxicity concerns and therefore a risk assessment is necessary. We applied and expanded upon fate and transport models for PV contaminants to estimate the Pb concentrations in soil, groundwater aquifer and air for large-scale conceptual PV sites under partial and full (i.e., site-wide) breakage events. Results indicate that Pb exposure point concentration in topsoil could exceed regulatory limits, but its concentration will be diluted to acceptable limits within the first centimeter of soil. Single point concentrations for Pb in air and groundwater stays within the acceptable limits. However, in extreme cases, Monte Carlo exposure concentrations in air exceeds permissible limits when topsoil becomes heavily contaminated. Results for groundwater risk stayed robust in Monte Carlo analysis. The study highlights the need for more accurate modeling methods for leachable contaminants and warrants further attention to active site management during catastrophic events. With hopes for more equitable and sustainable future

The central motive of the International Conference is to throw up a number of new ideas and solutions to address the present-day challenges in the fields of 1: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. 2: Economics / Accounts. 3: Architecture and Design, Business, Divinity, Education, Engineering, Environmental Studies and Forestry, Family and Consumer Science, Health Sciences ,Human Physical Performance and Recreation, Journalism, Media Studies and Communication ,Law ,Library and Museum Studies ,Military Sciences ,Public Administration ,Social Work ,Transportation, Fine arts, Agricultural education, Management ,Social sciences , Physics, Chemistry, Business and commerce. 4: Health oriented education, Medical, Pharmacy, Dentel, Ayurveda, and Yoga. 5: English, Regional Language(s), Maths, Science, Social Sciences, Physical Education Computer Basics, Arts (Drawing) 6: History, Languages and linguistics, Literature, Performing arts, Philosophy, Religion and Religious studies, Visual arts. 7: Anthropology, Archaeology, Area Studies, Cultural and Ethnic Studies, Economics Gender and Sexuality Studies, Geography, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology. 8: Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Life Sciences, Physics, Space Sciences. 9: Computer Sciences, Logic, Mathematics, Statistics, Systems Science. The scope of the conference is broad and covers many aspects of international research prospective. This conference aims to provide a scholarly platform for participants to publish their research in reputed International Journals. The authors have incredible opportunity to present/5- Minute Video their research virtually and present findings worldwide that will not only help them gain the necessary exposure that they need to make their research work known in global scientific circles but also open the door to incredible opportunities for collaboration and conducting further research.

This open access book includes a selection of contributions from the Life Cycle Management 2019 Conference (LCM) held in Poznań, Poland, and presents different examples of scientific and practical contributions, showing an incorporation of life cycle approach into the decision processes on strategic and operational level. Special attention is drawn to applications of LCM to target, organize, analyze and manage product-related information and activities towards continuous improvement, along the different products life cycle. The selection of case studies presents LCM as a business management approach that can be used by all types of businesses and organizations in order to improve their sustainability performance. This book provides a cross-sectoral, current picture of LCM issues. The structure of the book is based on five-theme lines. The themes represent different objects that are focused on sustainability and LCM practices mainly related to: products, technologies, organizations, markets and policy issues as well as methodological solutions. The book brings together presentations from the world of science and the world of enterprises as well as institutions supporting economic development.