The State of Memory Technology Over the past decade there has been rapid growth in the speed of micropro cessors. CPU speeds are approximately doubling every eighteen months, while main memory speed doubles about every ten years. The International Tech nology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) study suggests that memory will remain on its current growth path. The ITRS short-and long-term targets indicate continued scaling improvements at about the current rate by 2016. This translates to bit densities increasing at two times every two years until the introduction of 8 gigabit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, after which densities will increase four times every five years. A similar growth pattern is forecast for other high-density chip areas and high-performance logic (e.g., microprocessors and application specific inte grated circuits (ASICs)). In the future, molecular devices, 64 gigabit DRAMs and 28 GHz clock signals are targeted. Although densities continue to grow, we still do not see significant advances that will improve memory speed. These trends have created a problem that has been labeled the Memory Wall or Memory Gap.

Die Bandbreite und Zugriffszeit traditioneller DRAMs reicht nicht mehr aus, um mit der Geschwindigkeit moderner Mikroprozessoren Schritt zu halten. Daher baut man verstärkt Hochleistungs-Speicherchips, deren neue Generation das Thema dieses Buches bildet. Die Autorin, eine international anerkannte Spezialistin, diskutiert objektiv und herstellerunabhängig Technologien wie DDR DRAMs, CiDDR DRAMs, SL=DRAM, Direct Rambus, SSTL Interfaces und MP-DRAMs. Der aktuellste verfügbare Beitrag zu einem enorm wichtigen Thema! (12/98)

High Performance Computing Systems and Applications contains the fully refereed papers from the 13th Annual Symposium on High Performance Computing, held in Kingston, Canada, in June 1999. This book presents the latest research in HPC architectures, distributed and shared memory performance, algorithms and solvers, with special sessions on atmospheric science, computational chemistry and physics. High Performance Computing Systems and Applications is suitable as a secondary text for graduate level courses, and as a reference for researchers and practitioners in industry.

Is your memory hierarchy stopping your microprocessor from performing at the high level it should be? Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk shows you how to resolve this problem. The book tells you everything you need to know about the logical design and operation, physical design and operation, performance characteristics and resulting design trade-offs, and the energy consumption of modern memory hierarchies. You learn how to to tackle the challenging optimization problems that result from the side-effects that can appear at any point in the entire hierarchy.As a result you will be able to design and emulate the entire memory hierarchy. - Understand all levels of the system hierarchy -Xcache, DRAM, and disk. - Evaluate the system-level effects of all design choices. - Model performance and energy consumption for each component in the memory hierarchy.

The book presents the state-of-the-art in high performance computing and simulation on modern supercomputer architectures. It covers trends in high performance application software development in general and specifically for parallel vector architectures. The contributions cover among others the field of computational fluid dynamics, physics, chemistry, and meteorology. Innovative application fields like reactive flow simulations and nano technology are presented.

I wish to welcome all of you to the International Symposium on High Perf- mance Computing 2002 (ISHPC2002) and to Kansai Science City, which is not farfromtheancientcapitalsofJapan:NaraandKyoto.ISHPC2002isthefourth in the ISHPC series, which consists, to date, of ISHPC ’97 (Fukuoka, November 1997), ISHPC ’99 (Kyoto, May 1999), and ISHPC2000 (Tokyo, October 2000). The success of these symposia indicates the importance of this area and the strong interest of the research community. With all of the recent drastic changes in HPC technology trends, HPC has had and will continue to have a signi?cant impact on computer science and technology. I am pleased to serve as General Chair at a time when HPC plays a crucial role in the era of the IT (Information Technology) revolution. The objective of this symposium is to exchange the latest research results in software, architecture, and applications in HPC in a more informal and friendly atmosphere. I am delighted that the symposium is, like past successful ISHPCs, comprised of excellent invited talks, panels, workshops, as well as high-quality technical papers on various aspects of HPC. We hope that the symposium will provide an excellent opportunity for lively exchange and discussion about - rections in HPC technologies and all the participants will enjoy not only the symposium but also their stay in Kansai Science City.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on High Performance Computing, ISHPC 2002, held in Kansai Science City, Japan, in May 2002 together with the two workshops WOMPEI 2002 and HPF/HiWEP 2002. The 51 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the proceedings. The book is organized in topical sections on networks, architectures, HPC systems, Earth Simulator, OpenMP-WOMPEI 2002, and HPF-HiWEP 2002.

This book contains papers presented at the fifth and sixth Teraflop Workshop. It presents the state-of-the-art in high performance computing and simulation on modern supercomputer architectures. It covers trends in hardware and software development in general and specifically the future of vector-based systems and heterogeneous architectures. It covers computational fluid dynamics, fluid-structure interaction, physics, chemistry, astrophysics, and climate research.

High Performance Computing is an integrated computing environment for solving large-scale computational demanding problems in science, engineering and business. Newly emerging areas of HPC applications include medical sciences, transportation, financial operations and advanced human-computer interface such as virtual reality. High performance computing includes computer hardware, software, algorithms, programming tools and environments, plus visualization. The book addresses several of these key components of high performance technology and contains descriptions of the state-of-the-art computer architectures, programming and software tools and innovative applications of parallel computers. In addition, the book includes papers on heterogeneous network-based computing systems and scalability of parallel systems. The reader will find information and data relative to the two main thrusts of high performance computing: the absolute computational performance and that of providing the most cost effective and affordable computing for science, industry and business. The book is recommended for technical as well as management oriented individuals.

Over the past several years, embedded systems have emerged as an integral though unseen part of many consumer, industrial, and military devices. The explosive growth of these systems has resulted in embedded computing becoming an increasingly important discipline. The need for designers of high-performance, application-specific computing systems has never been greater, and many universities and colleges in the US and worldwide are now developing advanced courses to help prepare their students for careers in embedded computing.High-Performance Embedded Computing: Architectures, Applications, and Methodologies is the first book designed to address the needs of advanced students and industry professionals. Focusing on the unique complexities of embedded system design, the book provides a detailed look at advanced topics in the field, including multiprocessors, VLIW and superscalar architectures, and power consumption. Fundamental challenges in embedded computing are described, together with design methodologies and models of computation. HPEC provides an in-depth and advanced treatment of all the components of embedded systems, with discussions of the current developments in the field and numerous examples of real-world applications. - Covers advanced topics in embedded computing, including multiprocessors, VLIW and superscalar architectures, and power consumption - Provides in-depth coverage of networks, reconfigurable systems, hardware-software co-design, security, and program analysis - Includes examples of many real-world embedded computing applications (cell phones, printers, digital video) and architectures (the Freescale Starcore, TI OMAP multiprocessor, the TI C5000 and C6000 series, and others)